The primary objective of this paper is to develop the product data models, in which systematic information is defined for accumulating, exchanging, and sharing in the maintenance of concrete highway bridges. The information requirement and existing issues and solutions were analyzed based on the life cycle and the standardization for sharing. The member data models and business data models that defined design and construction information and accumulated results information were developed. The maintenance business process in which project participants utilize the product data model was described as utilization scenario. The utilization frameworks which define information flow were developed. 1. Introduction Concrete highway bridges undertake important roles in civil infrastructures and should be used in safety and kept in good condition. For maintaining, repairing, and rehabilitating the concrete highway bridges, maintenance management should be carried out effectively [1, 2]. In maintenance process of concrete highway bridges, it is important that the maintenance process is effective and the quality of inspection is secured. The cost-effective and quality maintenance is dependent on reliable inspection and condition assessment information [3]. The reliable maintenance information influences bridge management system (BMS) [4, 5]. BMS does not use the standardized information and cannot exchange, share, and reutilize the information. The maintenance information should be standardized and is needed for cost-effective business process model. Modeling standardizes the information. The process model for utilizing the standardized information should be constructed. The primary objective of this paper is to develop product data models as a framework for exchanging, sharing, and utilizing the maintenance information in concrete highway bridges maintenance. This paper targets concrete highway bridge and does not target railroad and pedestrian bridge. Product data models for maintenance are developed for standardizing the various maintenance data. Business process model for maintenance is constructed for maintaining the concrete highway bridges. For developing the product data models and process model, the existing maintenance processes and information [6–9] are analyzed. The analyzed results are used for modeling the as-built process and product data. The required functions are analyzed and described for product and process models by use-case diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML). The product data models consisted of member and business data models and
References
[1]
H. Seki, “Research activities on maintenance of concrete structures,” Journal of Materials, Concrete Structures and Pavements, vol. 557, no. 5–34, pp. 1–14, 1997 (Japanese).
[2]
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT), Proposal of Concept in Maintenance and Renewal of Road Structures, 2003 (Japanese).
[3]
O. Abudayyeh and H. T. Al-Battaineh, “As-built information model for bridge maintenance,” Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 105–112, 2003.
[4]
P. D. Thompson, J. O. Sobanjo, and R. Kerr, “Florida DOT project-level bridge management models,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 345–352, 2003.
[5]
A. Stein, “OKSTRA—the key to road and transport data foundations for a road information system,” in Proceedings of the Asia GIS 2001, 2001.
[6]
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT), Bridge Inspection Procedure, 1993 (Japanese).
[7]
Japan Highway Public Corporation, Maintenance Procedure, 1999 (Japanese).
[8]
Metropolitan Expressway Public Corporation, Structures Inspection Procedure, 2001 (Japanese).
[9]
Hanshin Expressway Public Corporation, Inspection Standards of Road Structures, 1996 (Japanese).
[10]
A. L. Stumpf, R. Ganeshan, S. Chin, and L. Y. Liu, “Object-oriented model for integrating construction product and process information,” Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 204–212, 1996.
[11]
A. Karim and H. Adeli, “OO information model for construction project management,” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vol. 125, no. 5, pp. 361–367, 1999.
[12]
J. Hastings, J. Kibiloski, M. Fischer, J. Haymaker, and K. Liston, “Four-dimensional modeling to support construction planning of the stata center project,” Leadership and Management in Engineering, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 86–90, 2003.
[13]
K. W. Chau, M. Anson, and J. P. Zhang, “Four-dimensional visualization of construction scheduling and site utilization,” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vol. 130, no. 4, pp. 598–606, 2004.
[14]
T. A. Ei-Diraby, C. Lima, and B. Feis, “Domain taxonomy for construction concepts: toward a formal ontology for construction knowledge,” Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 394–406, 2005.
[15]
A. Owolabi, C. J. Anumba, A. El-Hamalawi, and C. Harper, “Development of an industry foundation classes assembly viewer,” Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 121–131, 2006.
[16]
M. M. R. Halfawy and T. M. Froese, “Component-based framework for implementing integrated architectural/ engineering/construction project systems,” Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 441–452, 2007.
[17]
I. Mikami, S. Tanaka, S. Kubota, and Y. Ishii, “Visualization of product data models for highway bridges using VRML,” in Proceedings of the 7th East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering & Construction, pp. 584–589, 1999.
[18]
I. Mikami, S. Tanaka, S. Kubota, and Y. Ishii, “Database of highway bridges' product data models using STEP,” in Proceedings of the 7th East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering & Construction, pp. 590–595, 1999.
[19]
S. Kubota and I. Mikami, “To-be information models for maintenance of concrete highway bridges,” in Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing, B. H. V. Topping, Ed., Civil-Comp Press, Stirling, UK, September 2005.
[20]
K. Monobe and S. Kubota, “A proposal of 3D product data model and its application system for civil infrastructure,” in Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Sustainable Urbanization, 2010, BIM17_ICSU10468.
[21]
S. Kubota, “Distribution and utilization of three-dimensional life-cycle information on civil infrastructure in Japan,” International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 24–29, 2012.
[22]
N. Yabuki, E. Lebegue, J. Gual, T. Shitani, and Z. Li, “International collaboration for developing the bridge product model “IFC-BRIDGE”,” in Proceedings of the Joint International Conference on Computing and Decision Making in Civil and Building Engineering, pp. 1927–1936, Montreal, Canada, 2006.
T. Hartmann, J. Gao, and M. Fischer, “Areas of application for 3D and 4D models on construction projects,” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vol. 134, no. 10, pp. 776–785, 2008.
[25]
M. Fischer and C. Kam, “Product model and 4D CAD: final report,” Tech. Rep. 143, Center for Integrated Facility Engineering, 2002.
[26]
S. Staub-French and A. Khanzode, “3D and 4D modeling for design and construction coordination: issues and lessons learned,” Electronic Journal of Information Technology in Construction, vol. 12, pp. 381–407, 2007.
[27]
B. Koo and M. Fischer, “Feasibility study of 4D CAD in commercial construction,” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vol. 126, no. 4, pp. 251–260, 2000.
[28]
J. Park, B. Kim, C. Kim, and H. Kim, “3D/4D CAD applicability for life-cycle facility management,” Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 129–138, 2011.
[29]
S. Kubota and I. Mikami, “4D information management system for road maintenance using GIS,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, W. Tizani, Ed., Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, 2010, paper 58.
