Tamarind Seed Xyloglucans Promote Proliferation and Migration of Human Skin Cells through Internalization via Stimulation of Proproliferative Signal Transduction Pathways
Xyloglucans (XGs) of Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae are used as drug vehicles or as ingredients of cosmetics. Two xyloglucans were extracted from T. indica seed with cold water (TSw) and copper complex precipitation (TSc). Both were analyzed in regard to composition and influence on cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration, MAPK phosphorylation, and gene expression of human skin keratinocytes (NHEK and HaCaT) and fibroblasts (NHDF) in vitro. TSw and TSc differed in molecular weight, rhamnose content, and ratios of xylose, arabinose, galactose, and glucose. Both XGs improved keratinocytes and fibroblast proliferation, promoted the cell cycle, and stimulated migration and intracellular enzyme activity of NHDF after endosomal uptake. Only TSw significantly enhanced HaCaT migration and extracellular enzyme activity of NHDF and HaCaT. TSw and TSc predominantly enhanced the phosphorylation of molecules that referred to Erk signaling in NHEK. In NHDF parts of the integrin signaling and SAPK/JNK pathway were affected. Independent of cell type TSw marginally regulated the expression of genes, which referred to membrane proteins, cytoskeleton, cytokine signaling, and ECM as well as to processes of metabolism and transcription. Results show that T. indica xyloglucans promote skin regeneration by a direct influence on cell proliferation and migration. 1. Introduction The tamarind is a bushy tree in family Fabaceae and native to tropical Africa. The main components of tamarind seed are xyloglucans. Xyloglucans are one of the two major hemicelluloses in plant primary walls. In general, xyloglucans have a cellulose-like backbone consisting of β-1,4-glucosyl residues distributed by short side chains containing fucosyl, arabinosyl, galactosyl, and xylosyl residues [1]. Niemann et al. 1997 [2] characterized the oligosaccharide mixtures after enzymatic digestion of the tamarind seed xyloglucan by endo-(1→4)-β-D-glucanase (Aspergillus niger) and described that in addition to β-D-glucosyl, α-D-xylosyl and β-D-galactosyl residues some oligosaccharides also contained α-L-arabinosyl, and β-D-galactosyl-(1→5)-α-L-arabinosyl residues. In ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India (Part I, Vol IV) the fruits (Ci？a) have been noted as laxative. In traditional African medicine the bark and leaves have been often used for treatment of wounds and diarrhea. Tamarind seeds have been powdered and orally administered to treat digestive disorder [2]. Nowadays Tamarind extracts were used for cosmetic preparations [3] and drug vehicles. Tamarind xyloglucans are used in
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