Carassius auratus complex formula, including Carassius auratus, Rhizoma dioscoreae, Lycium chinense, and Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, is a combination prescription of traditional Chinese medicine, which has always been used to treat diabetes mellitus in ancient China. In this study, we provided experimental evidence for the use of Carassius auratus complex formula in the treatment of high fat diet combined streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced type 2 diabetes. Carassius auratus complex formula aqueous extract was prepared and the effects of it on blood glucose, serum insulin, adipose tissue weight, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), total cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels in mice were measured. Moreover, adiponectin, TG synthesis related gene expressions, and the inhibitory effect of aldose reductase (AR) were performed to evaluate its antidiabetic effects. After the 8-week treatment, blood glucose, insulin levels, and adipose tissue weight were significantly decreased. OGTT and HOMA-IR index showed improved glucose tolerance. It could also lower plasma TG, TC, and liver TG levels. Furthermore, Carassius auratus complex formula could inhibit the activity of AR and restore adiponectin expression in serum. Based on these findings, it is suggested that Carassius auratus complex formula possesses potent anti-diabetic effects on high fat diet combined STZ-induced diabetic mice. 1. Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder which affects people worldwide. By the year 2030, diabetes mellitus is estimated up to about 5% of the world’s population (i.e., 366 million people) [1]. More than 90% of diabetic patients account for type 2 diabetes [2]. The characteristic of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Therefore, a newer strategy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes is to reduce insulin resistance in peripheral tissue and control of blood glucose level. Adiponectin and resistin are two kinds of adipose tissue releasing signals with different functions on the control of insulin sensitivity. Previous studies on adiponectin strongly suggest that lower adiponectin levels play an important role in the development of insulin resistance and metabolism disorder related diseases (such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis) [3–5]. Moreover, more evidence suggests a role of resistin in the etiology of both insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus [6, 7]. Long-term elevated glucose level in the blood likely leads to a variety of diabetic complications such as neuropathy [8], nephropathy [9], and retinopathy [10]. These
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