Arsenic Species in Edible Seaweeds Using In Vitro Biomimetic Digestion Determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Arsenite [As (III)], arsenate [As (V)], methylarsonate (MMA), and dimethylarsinate (DMA) in five edible seaweeds (the brown algae Laminaria japonica, red algae Porphyra yezoensis, brown algae Undaria pinnatifida, brown algae Hizikia fusiformis, and green algae Enteromorpha prolifera) were analyzed using in vitro digestion method determined by high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that DMA was found in the water extracts of all samples; As (III) were detected in L. japonica and U. pinnatifida and about 23.0 and 0.15？mg/kg of As (V) were found in H. fusiformis and E. prolifera respectively. However, after the gastrointestinal digestion, As (V) was not detected in any of the five seaweeds. About 0.19 and 1.47？mg/kg of As (III) was detected in the gastric extracts of L. japonica and H. fusiformis, respectively, and about 0.31 and 0.10？mg/kg of As (III) were extracted from the intestinal extracts of Porphyra yezoensis and U. pinnatifida, respectively. The present results successfully reveal the differences of As species and levels in the water and biomimetic extracts of five edible seaweeds. The risk assessment of the inorganic arsenic in the five edible seaweeds based on present data showed almost no hazards to human health. 1. Introduction Seaweed is known to contain high concentrations of arsenic in comparison with terrestrial plants because marine plants possess the ability to concentrate the arsenic derived from water. Arsenic exists in different chemical forms, which are either “free” inorganic arsenic species, such as As (III) and As (V), or organic arsenic species, such as arsenobetaine (AsB) and arsenosugars [1]. As (III) is generally recognized as being more toxic than As (V), and the toxicity of inorganic arsenic is about 100 times greater than that of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) or dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). The 50% lethal dose (LD50) values of the different forms of arsenic in mg/kg are as follows: As (III) (14) > As (V) (20) > MMA (V) (700–1800) > DMA (V) (700–2600) > AsC (>6500) > AsB (>10000) [2]. Based on these data, we believe that the levels of As (III), As (V), MMA, and DMA in edible seaweeds should be researched in greater detail because of the potential risks to human health. The arsenosugars which comprise the major arsenic species in seaweed are considered nontoxic [2]. In addition, arsenosugars are difficult to obtain because of their chemical synthesis, or complex procedures of isolation from algae in a pure form. So there have no arsenosugars standard materials
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