Thiazolidines are five-member heterocyclic having sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms in their ring structure and exhibiting potent as well as wide range of pharmacological activities. In this minireview, recent updates on synthesis and pharmacological evaluations of molecules based on 2,4-thiazolidine and rhodanine are discussed. 1. Introduction Five-membered heterocyclic molecules containing thiazole nucleus with carbonyl group on fourth carbon such as rhodanine and 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives have broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. In past two decades, rhodanines and 2,4-thiazolidinediones have emerged as potent antidiabetic agents. Some of them are clinically used such as ciglitazone, englitazone, pioglitazone, glitazones, epalrestat, and troglitazone for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and related complications. This is the reason why investigation/molecular modification and pharmacological evaluation of these molecules have attracted special attention of synthetic chemists and pharmacologists, respectively. ？？ In recent years, a number of synthetic/pharmacological protocols based on these molecules have been emerged extensively and in witness available in the literature. These multifaceted molecules exhibit varied type of biological activities. Some recent developments in synthesis and pharmacology of these molecules are discussed in this section. 2. Recent Developments in Rhodanine Pharmacology In 1997, Boyd carried out a study based on rhodanine-containing molecules of pharmaceutical interest and found pharmacological importance of these molecules is limited because of poor solubility of rhodanine derivatives in water (exception of rhodanine-3-acetic acids). However, these compounds exhibit a broad range of significant biological activities [1]. Rhodanine-3-acetic acid (RAA) 1 was prepared by Korner [2] in 1908, and Knoevenagel condensation products of the acid with various aldehydes, namely, [(5Z)-(5-benzylidene-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)]acetic acids 2 were reported in the same year [3]. From 1960 onwards, studies revealed that such type of molecule exhibit potential antimycobacterial [4, 5], antifungal [6–15], pesticidal [16–18], antihypertensive [19], and antineoplastic [20, 21] activities. Their NMR characterization performed in 1982 [22]. In 2006, similar derivatives have been prepared under microwave irradiation [23]. Further, the Knoevenagel products of rhodanine-3-acetic acid with pyridinecarbaldehydes were prepared in 1961 and they possess potential antibacterial and antifungal activities [8].
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