Ultratrace Determination of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) by Microsample Injection System Flame Atomic Spectroscopy in Drinking Water and Treated and Untreated Industrial Effluents
Simple and robust analytical procedures were developed for hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and lead (Pb(II)) by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) using microsample injection system coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (MIS-FAAS). For the current study, ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC), carbon tetrachloride, and ethanol were used as chelating agent, extraction solvent, and disperser solvent, respectively. The effective variables of developed method have been optimized and studied in detail. The limit of detection of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) were 0.037 and 0.054？μg/L, respectively. The enrichment factors in both cases were 400 with 40？mL of initial volumes. The relative standard deviations (RSDs, ) were <4%. The applicability and the accuracy of DLLME were estimated by the analysis of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) in industrial effluent wastewater by standard addition method (recoveries >96%). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) at ultratrace levels in natural drinking water and industrial effluents wastewater of Denizli. Moreover, the proposed method was compared with the literature reported method. 1. Introduction Lead pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems because of their stability at contaminated sites, the reduction of enzymatic activities, and several other complications in human, plants, and animals [1]. It is introduced into water bodies (lakes, streams, and rivers) through the combustion of fossil fuels, smelting of sulfide ore, and acid mine drainage [2]. Characteristic indications of lead toxicity are abdominal pain, anaemia, headaches and convulsions, chronic nephritis of the kidney, brain damage, and central nervous system disorders [3]. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified lead as a Group B2 human carcinogen [3]. Chromium occurs in higher concentration in the wastes from electroplating, paints, dyes, chrome tanning, and paper industries [4]. Cr(III) is an essential component having an important role in the glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism, whereas Cr(VI) is believed to be toxic and carcinogenic [5]. In addition, there is an increasing interest in the determination of Cr(VI) and Pb at trace level, because of persistence in the environment and bio-accumulative effect in living organisms [6]. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is one of the most conventional techniques for the determination of trace metal ions because of the relatively simple and inexpensive equipment [7–9]. However, a preconcentration and/or
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