全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Integrating Information from Multiple Methods into the Analysis of Perceived Risk of Crime: The Role of Geo-Referenced Field Data and Mobile Methods

DOI: 10.1155/2013/284259

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

This paper demonstrates the use of mixed methods discovery techniques to explore public perceptions of community safety and risk, using computational techniques that combine and integrate layers of information to reveal connections between community and place. Perceived vulnerability to crime is conceptualised using an etic/emic framework. The etic “outsider” viewpoint imposes its categorisation of vulnerability not only on areas (“crime hot spots” or “deprived neighbourhoods”) but also on socially constructed groupings of individuals (the “sick” or the “poor”) based on particular qualities considered relevant by the analyst. The range of qualities is often both narrow and shallow. The alternative, emic, “insider” perspective explores vulnerability based on the meanings held by the individuals informed by their lived experience. Using recorded crime data and Census-derived area classifications, we categorise an area in Southern England from an etic viewpoint. Mobile interviews with local residents and police community support officers and researcher-led environmental audits provide qualitative emic data. GIS software provides spatial context to analytically link both quantitative and qualitative data. We demonstrate how this approach reveals hidden sources of community resilience and produces findings that explicate low level social disorder and vandalism as turns in a “dialogue” of resistance against urbanisation and property development. 1. Introduction This paper demonstrates the use of computationally based mixed methods discovery techniques to enhance the power and analytical reach of fieldwork in the study of crime risk and public safety. The substantive focus of this paper is on community safety and the perception of risk from crime and social disorder at neighbourhood level. Our conceptual focus is on the application of an etic/emic framework for vulnerability to crime. Our methodological focus is on a mixed methods approach using software to help combine and integrate layers of information to reveal connections between community, crime, and place. This demonstrator study draws on primary empirical data from fieldwork at sites and in criminal justice settings in a contemporary English town. In countries like the US and the UK the policy register for research on safety and risk is “community policing.” Police forces and police researchers in such countries have developed the diagnostic activity of the “environmental scan” as a tool to gauge public risk perception in so far as it relates to the built environment. The present official system for

References

[1]  M. Innes, “Signal crimes and signal disorders: notes on deviance as communicative action,” British Journal of Sociology, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 335–355, 2004.
[2]  N. Fielding and C. A. Cisneros-Puebla, “CAQDAS-GIS convergence: toward a new integrated mixed method research practice?” Journal of Mixed Methods Research, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 349–370, 2009.
[3]  J. Spiers, “New perspectives on vulnerability using emic and etic approaches,” Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 715–721, 2000.
[4]  J. Fielding, “Environmental injustice or just the lie of the land: an investigation of the socio-economic class of those at risk from flooding in England and Wales,” Sociological Research Online, vol. 12, no. 4, 2007, http://www.socresonline.org.uk/12/4/4.html.
[5]  Dooblo Ltd, “Survey to go software,” http://www.dooblo.net/stgi/surveytogo.aspx.
[6]  Scientific Software, “ATLAS-ti: the qualitative and data analysis research software,” http://www.atlasti.com/.
[7]  Verbi GmbH, “MAXQDA, qualitative data analysis software,” http://www.maxqda.com/.
[8]  N. G. Fielding and J. L. Fielding, Linking Data: The Articulation of Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Social Research, Sage, Beverly Hills, Calif, USA, 1986.
[9]  Department of Health Home Office, Working together under the Children Act 1989: A Guide to Arrangements for Inter-Agency Co-Operation for the Protection of Children from Abuse, Stationery Office Books, London, UK, 1991.
[10]  ONS, “Neighbourhood statistics,” http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/.
[11]  IMD, “Indices of multiple deprivation,” 2010, http://www.communities.gov.uk/communities/research/indicesdeprivation/deprivation10/.
[12]  D. Vickers and P. Rees, “Creating the UK national statistics 2001 output area classification,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A, vol. 170, no. 2, pp. 379–403, 2007.
[13]  S. Chainey, “Identifying priority neighbourhoods using the vulnerable localities index,” Policing, vol. 2, pp. 196–209, 2008.
[14]  SSMR, “Safer woking partnership,” Survey Final Report, Surrey Social & Market Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 2004.
[15]  N. Fielding, M. Innes, and J. Fielding, Reassurance Policing and the Visual Environmental Crime Audit in Surrey Police: A Report, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 2002.
[16]  Google Earth Inc, “Google earth,” http://earth.google.com/.
[17]  Open Street Map Foundation, “Open street map (OSM),” http://www.openstreetmap.org/.
[18]  R. D. Putnam, “Bowling alone: America's declining social capital,” Journal of Democracy, vol. 6, pp. 65–78, 1995.
[19]  M. Innes and N. Fielding, “From community to communicative policing: “signal crimes” and the problem of public reassurance,” Sociological Research Online, vol. 7, no. 2, 2002, http://www.socresonline.org.uk/7/2/innes.html.
[20]  Home Office, Neighbourhood Policing: Your Police, Your Community, Our Commitment, Home Office, London, UK, 2005.
[21]  M. Innes, S. Hayden, T. Lowe, H. Mackenzie, C. Roberts, and L. Twyman, Signal Crimes and Reassurance Policing Volumes 1 and 2, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 2004.
[22]  M. Innes, S. Hayden, T. Lowe, and C. Roberts, Signal Crimes and Reassurance Policing Volume 3, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 2005.
[23]  Police UK, “Police UK,” http://www.police.uk.
[24]  L. Knigge and M. Cope, “Grounded visualization: integrating the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data through grounded theory and visualization,” Environment and Planning A, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 2021–2037, 2006.
[25]  Economic Policy Centre, “UK crime statistics,” http://www.ukcrimestats.com/National_Picture/.
[26]  J. W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, Sage, London, UK, 2009.
[27]  T. Morris, The Criminal Area: A Study in Social Ecology, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, UK, 1957.
[28]  J. Baldwin, A. E. Bottoms, and M. A. Walker, The Urban Criminal: A Study in Sheffield, Tavistock Publications, London, IK, 1976.
[29]  A. Bottoms and P. Wiles, “Explanations of crime and place,” in Crime, Policing, and Place: Essays in Environmental Criminology, D. J. Evans and N. R. Fyfe, Eds., pp. 11–35, Routledge, London, UK, 1992.
[30]  N. Fielding and R. Lee, Computer Analysis and Qualitative Research, Sage, London, UK, 1998.
[31]  T. Lorenc, M. Petticrew, M. Whitehead et al., “Fear of crime and the environment: systematic review of UK qualitative evidence,” BMC Public Health, vol. 13, pp. 496–503, 2013.
[32]  S. Hawker, S. Payne, C. Kerr, M. Hardey, and J. Powell, “Appraising the evidence: reviewing disparate data systematically,” Qualitative Health Research, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 1284–1299, 2002.
[33]  J. Wilson and G. Kelling, “The police and neighborhood safety: broken windows,” Atlantic Monthly, vol. 127, pp. 29–38, 1982.

Full-Text

comments powered by Disqus

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133