Reactive oxygen species are mostly viewed to cause oxidative damage to various cells and induce organ dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, they are also considered as crucial molecules for cellular signal transduction in biology. NADPH oxidase, whose only function is reactive oxygen species production, has been extensively investigated in many cell types especially phagocytes. The deficiency of NADPH oxidase extends the process of inflammation and delays tissue repair, which causes chronic granulomatous disease in patients. NADPH oxidase 1, one member of the NADPH oxidase family, is not only constitutively expressed in a variety of tissues, but also induced to increase expression in both mRNA and protein levels under many circumstances. NADPH oxidase 1 and its derived reactive oxygen species are suggested to be able to regulate inflammation reaction, cell proliferation and migration, and extracellular matrix synthesis, which contribute to the processes of tissue injury and repair. 1. Introduction The general view of the primary role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biology is to cause oxidative damage to organs and tissues suffering ischemia-reperfusion injury [1–3] and inactivate and clear microorganisms through respiratory burst of phagocytic cells [4]. High concentration of hydrogen peroxide is used clinically for wound disinfection, which might not be beneficial for overall wound healing because of the oxidative damage to host tissue in addition to bacteria [5, 6]. However, low concentration of ROS regulates intracellular signal transduction pathways by redox-dependent mechanisms, which facilitates the process of tissue repair [6]. As signal transduction molecules, ROS are controlling a large array of biological processes including the regulation of organ development and cell growth and the response to environmental stimuli [4]. In the process of tissue injury and repair, ROS has both detrimental and beneficial roles through regulating cell damages and promoting cell proliferation and migration. One of the most important sources of intracellular ROS is the enzyme NADPH oxidase (Nox), which is the only mammalian enzyme dedicated to ROS generation. NADPH oxidase enzyme complex, formed by Nox and other cytosolic subunits, catalyzes the production of ROS from molecular oxygen. The Nox family has been extensively investigated in many cell types especially phagocytes [7]. The ROS and their oxidants are critical for bacteria and necrotic tissue purging by phagocytes. And the deficiency of Nox extends the process of inflammation and
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