Objective. To evaluate the potential protective effects of extracts from Fructus rhodomyrti (FR) against oxidative DNA damage using a cellular system and the antioxidant ability on potassium bromate- (KBrO3-) mediated oxidative stress in rats. Methods. The effects of FR on DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were evaluated by comet assay in primary spleen lymphocytes cultures. The effects of FR on the activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx and the levels of GSH, hydroperoxides, and 8-OHdG were determined in the plasma and tissues of rats treated with KBrO3. Results. FR was shown to effectively protect against DNA damage induced by H2O2？？in vitro, and the maximum protective effect was observed when FR was diluted 20 times. Endogenous antioxidant status, namely, the activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx and the levels of GSH were significantly decreased in the plasma, the liver, and the kidney of the KBrO3-treated rats, while the pretreatment of FR prevented the decreases of these parameters. In addition, the pretreatment of FR was also able to prevent KBrO3-induced increases in the levels of hydroperoxides and 8-OHdG in the plasma, the liver, and the kidney in rats. Conclusions. Our findings suggested that FR might act as a chemopreventive agent with antioxidant properties offering effective protection against oxidative DNA damage in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. 1. Introduction Plants have played significant roles in maintaining human health and improving the quality of human life for thousands of years [1, 2]. Fructus rhodomyrti (FR) is the fruit of the Rhodomyrtus tomentosa growing on knolls in wilderness and widely distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, and Taiwan. FR has been used for the production of drinks and wine. FR is a traditional Chinese medicine material with antihepatitis property [3]. Cells that live in an oxygen-rich environment are inundated with various endogenous and exogenous sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [4]. The most important target for ROS in the carcinogenesis process is DNA [5, 6]. Irreparable DNA damage is involved in carcinogenesis, aging, and other degenerative diseases [4, 7]. However, enzymatic and nonenzymatic systems, which preserve the oxidant/antioxidant status, are disrupted during oxidative stress, a metabolic derangement due to an imbalance caused by excessive generation of ROS or a diminished capacity of the antioxidant defense system. Dietary factors and natural antioxidants that reduce the impact of ROS can protect DNA damage and thus reduce the risk of cancers [8,
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