Sex-Pheromone-Mediated Mating Disruption Technology for the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Overview and Prospects
A great deal of progress has been made over the last three decades in research on pheromone-mediated mating disruption technology for the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck). Pheromones can interrupt normal orientation, and the most likely mechanism of pheromone disruption, competitive-attraction (false-plume following), invokes competition between point sources of pheromone formulation and females for males. This technology, performed by broadcasting pheromones into orchards to disrupt mate finding, has been successfully implemented in oriental fruit moth control. Reservoir-style dispensers made of polyethylene tubes, which release pheromone throughout the full growing season, are the current industry standard. Although reasonably effective, they require labor-intensive hand application. Recently, a new formulation, paraffin wax, which maximizes competition between point sources of synthetic pheromone and feral females for males, was shown to have high disruption performance. As this formulation is highly effective, inexpensive, and easy to produce, further study and development are advisable. Increased understanding of the principles of mating disruption will aid in the design of more effective dispensers. Continued research is needed to meet grower concerns with regard to risk, efficacy, and cost and to identify other semiochemicals that can be applied to this delivery system. Greater knowledge of the integration of different biological control methods is therefore essential. 1. Introduction The oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a key pest of stone and pome fruit in most fruit-growing areas of China, with the exception of Tibet [1–6]. Until recently, this pest has been primarily controlled by use of one or more broad-spectrum insecticides [7]. Issues associated with the widespread use of insecticides, including insecticide resistance, toxicity to natural enemies, worker safety, and food residue, have provided an impetus for research and development regarding alternative control technologies. The application of pheromone-mediated mating disruption technology has resulted in excellent control of this pest and could be an alternative to conventional insecticide use [2, 8]. This review presents the principle of pheromone-mediated mating disruption, summarizes the typical application of this technology, introduces its pheromone release device (pheromone dispenser), and discusses future directions for research and development. 2. Principles of Pheromone-Mediated Mating Disruption
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