The development of the heart-lung machine ushered in the era of modern cardiac surgery. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) remains the most common operation performed by cardiac surgeons today. From its infancy in the 1950s till today, CABG has undergone many developments both technically and clinically. Improvements in intraoperative technique and perioperative care have led to CABG being offered to a more broad patient profile with less complications and adverse events. Our review outlines the rich history and promising future of myocardial revascularization. 1. History Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is defined as “open-heart surgery in which a section of a blood vessel is grafted from the aorta to the coronary artery to bypass the blocked section of the coronary artery and improve the blood supply to the heart.” The pathophysiology of coronary artery disease was established in 1876 by Adam Hammer when he postulated that angina (imbalance of coronary perfusion supply and demand) was caused by interruption of coronary blood supply and that myocardial infarction occurred after the occlusion of at least one coronary artery [1]. In the 19th century heart surgery was performed infrequently and with poor results. In 1896, Stephen Paget wrote that “surgery of the heart has probably reached the limits set by nature to all surgery” [2]. In that same year, Ludwig Rehn successfully conducted heart surgery repairing a stab wound [3]. In 1910, Alexis Carrel was the first to describe CABG [4]. Cardiac surgery became more feasible in the late 1930s with the development of the heart-lung machine by Dr. John Gibbon which enabled cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) [5]. In 1950, at McGill University in Montreal, QC, Canada, Vineburg and Buller were the first to implant the internal mammary artery (IMA) into the myocardium to treat cardiac ischemia and angina [6]. In 1953, D. W. Gordon Murray reported placement of arterial grafts in the coronary circulation [7]. Shortly thereafter, in 1955, Sidney Smith was the first to harvest saphenous vein and use it as a graft from aorta to into the myocardium [7]. In 1958, Longmire et al. performed the first open coronary artery endarterectomy without CPB at University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) [8]. The 1960s saw great advances in coronary artery surgery. Goetz et al. are credited with performing the first successful human coronary artery bypass operation in 1961？[9]. In 1962, Proudfit et al. produced the first practical cardiac angiography visualizing the coronary arteries [10]. Kolesov performed the first
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