Callus Induction, Proliferation, and Plantlets Regeneration of Two Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes under Saline and Heat Stress Conditions
Response of two genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), Mahon-Demias (MD) and Hidhab (HD1220), to mature embryo culture, callus production, and in vitro salt and heat tolerance was evaluated. For assessment of genotypes to salt and heat tolerance, growing morphogenic calli were exposed to different concentrations of NaCl (0, 5, 10, and 15？g·L？1) and under different thermal stress intensities (25, 30, 35, and 40°C). Comparison of the two genotypes was reported for callus induction efficiency from mature embryo. While, for salt and heat tolerance, the proliferation efficiency, embryonic efficiency, and regeneration efficiency were used. The results show significant medium and genotype effects for the embryogenesis capacity of calluses induction and plantlets regeneration under saline and thermal stresses. Mahon-Demias showed good callus induction and ability to proliferate and regenerate seedling under heat and salt stress conditions compared to Hidhab. No sizeable differences were observed between the two genotypes at higher salt stress rates. This study will serve as a base line for in vitro screening of several elite wheat cultivars for their ability to induce callus and regenerate plants from mature embryos, and to start selection for tolerance to salinity. 1. Introduction Plant tissue culture plays an important role in the production of agricultural and ornamental plants and in the manipulation of plants for improved agronomic performance. In vitro culture of plant cells and tissue has attracted considerable interest over recent years because it provides the means to study plant physiological and genetic processes in addition to offering the potential to assist in the breeding of improved cultivars by increasing genetic variability [1]. In wheat species, different explant sources have been used for embryogenic callus formation and plant regeneration: mature and immature embryos [2, 3], infloroscences [4, 5], coleoptile [5], shoot apical meristems [6], and anthers [7]. These tissues vary in their ability to regenerate whole plants [8]. Immature embryos and immature infloroscences gave the highest frequencies of regenerated plants in vitro [5]. Tissue culture responses which include callus induction and regeneration capacity of wheat are influenced by the genotypes, explant source, geographical origin and physiological status of the donor plants, the culture medium, and the interactions between them [3]. Both mature and immature embryos have been used extensively in tissue culture protocols, but mature embryos were found to be a better choice in
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