Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is a well-established gas separation technique in air separation, gas drying, and hydrogen purification separation. Recently, PSA technology has been applied in other areas like methane purification from natural and biogas and has a tremendous potential to expand its utilization. It is known that the adsorbent material employed in a PSA process is extremely important in defining its properties, but it has also been demonstrated that process engineering can improve the performance of PSA units significantly. This paper aims to provide an overview of the fundamentals of PSA process while focusing specifically on different innovative engineering approaches that contributed to continuous improvement of PSA performance. 1. Introduction Adsorption is the name of the spontaneous phenomenon of attraction that a molecule from a fluid phase experiences when it is close to the surface of a solid, named adsorbent. There are several pristine works that explain this phenomenon in detail [1–18]. Adsorbents are porous solids, preferably having a large surface area per unit mass. Since different molecules have different interactions with the surface of the adsorbent, it is eventually possible to separate them. When the adsorbent is put in contact with a fluid phase, an equilibrium state is achieved after a certain time. This equilibrium establishes the thermodynamic limit of the adsorbent loading for a given fluid phase composition, temperature, and pressure [3]. Information about the adsorption equilibrium of the different species is vital to design and model adsorption processes [19–27]. The time required to achieve the equilibrium state may be also important, particularly when the size of the pores of the adsorbent are close to the size of the molecules to be separated [28–43]. In an adsorption process, the adsorbent used is normally shaped into spherical pellets or extruded. Alternatively, it can be shaped into honeycomb monolithic structures resulting in reduced pressure drop of the system [44–54]. The feed stream is put into contact with the adsorbent that is normally packed in fixed beds. The less adsorbed (light) component will break through the column faster than the other(s). In order to achieve separation, before the other (heavy) component(s) breaks through the column, the feed should be stopped and the adsorbent should be regenerated by desorbing the heavy compound. Since the adsorption equilibrium is given by specific operating conditions (composition, T and P), by changing one of these process parameters it is possible to
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