Iron deficiency anemia is a major global public health problem. Food fortification with iron (Fe) can be an effective strategy to control iron deficiency. An iron oxide nanoparticle (NP) is a new physical and chemical property form. These properties (small particle size, unique physical properties) make nanoiron a great scientific interest especially in the treatment of anemia. The study aimed to reduce anemia by nanoparticles (NPs). Forty-eight adult female Sprague-Dewily rats were divided into four groups (12 rats each). Group A represented a negative control. Other groups were fed standard diet iron free and three time of require zinc to reach anemic. Group B fed standard diet with ferrous sulfate until the improvement of the situation of anemia or for 8 weeks. Groups C and D were divided into three subgroups; each subgroup was fed a dose from magnetite or folate coated magnetite NPs. Results showed that symptoms of loss of appetite and severe lethargy demonstrate that magnetite and folate-coated magnetite nanoparticles have serious toxicological effects in vivo. Some doses from NPs improve blood picture during 2 weeks but change in histopathology examinations were occur in some groups within 2 weeks. Nanoparticles were considered the toxicological hazards especially the size of less than 54？nm. 1. Introduction Nanotechnologies enable scientists to manipulate matter at the nanoscale (one thousand millionth of a meter). Within this size-range, materials can exhibit new and unusual properties, such as altered chemical reactivity, or changed electronic, optical, or magnetic behavior [1]. Nanotechnology has also the potential to affect many aspects of food and agricultural systems. Food security, packaging materials, disease treatment, delivery systems, bioavailability, new tools for molecular and cellular biology, and new materials for pathogen detection are examples of the important items that are linked with nanotechnology within the food production chain [2, 3]. The term “nanofood” describes food which has been cultivated, produced, processed, or packaged using nanotechnology techniques or tools, or to which manufactured nanomaterials have been added [4]. Examples of nanoingredients and manufactured nanomaterial additives include nanoparticles of iron or zinc and nanocapsules containing ingredients like coenzyme Q10 or Omega 3. Directive 2002/46/EC European Commission defined food supplements as concentrated sources of nutrients and other substances developed to supplement the normal diet and have nutritional or physiological effect whether used
References
[1]
House of Lords Science and Technology Committee (HLSTC), Nanotechnologies and Food, The Authority of the House of Lords, The Stationery Office, London, UK, 2010.
[2]
H. Chen, J. Weiss, and F. Shahidi, “Nanotechnology in nutraceuticals and functional foods,” Food Technology, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 30–36, 2006.
[3]
J. Weiss, P. Takhistov, and D. J. McClements, “Functional materials in food nanotechnology,” Journal of Food Science, vol. 71, no. 9, pp. R107–R116, 2006.
[4]
H. Bouwmeester, S. Dekkers, M. Noordam et al., “Health impact of nanotechnologies in food production,” Health risks of application of nanotechnologies and nanoparticles within the food 772.308.01, RIKILT and RIVMH, pp. 9-10, 2007.
[5]
G. Miller, R. Senjen, P. Cameron, et al., “Nanotechnology and the environment: the nano-atomic reconstruction of nature,” Chain Reaction, vol. 97, pp. 23–26, 2008, http://nano.foe.org.au/node/130.
[6]
P. G. Brady, “Iron deficiency anemia: a call for aggressive diagnostic evaluation,” Southern Medical Journal, vol. 100, no. 10, pp. 966–967, 2007.
[7]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States (1998),” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 47, pp. 1–29, 2007.
[8]
R. Hoffman, E. Benz, S. Shattil et al., “Disorders of iron metabolism: iron deficiency and overload,” in Hematology, chapter 26, Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, Pa, USA; Harcourt Brace & Co, New York, NY, USA, 3rd edition, 2000.
[9]
W. Shang, J. H. Nuffer, V. A. Mu？iz-Papandrea, W. Colón, R. W. Siegel, and J. S. Dordick, “Cytochrome c on silica nanoparticles: influence of nanoparticle size on protein structure, stability, and activity,” Small, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 470–476, 2009.
[10]
V. Hoffart, A. Lamprecht, P. Maincent, T. Lecompte, C. Vigneron, and N. Ubrich, “Oral bioavailability of a low molecular weight heparin using a polymeric delivery system,” Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 38–42, 2006.
[11]
A. Nel, T. Xia, L. M？dler, and N. Li, “Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel,” Science, vol. 311, no. 5761, pp. 622–627, 2006.
[12]
Y. J. Hao, G. Q. Jin, X. D. Han, and X. Y. Guo, “Synthesis and characterization of bamboo-like SiC nanofibers,” Materials Letters, vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 1334–1337, 2006.
[13]
B. K. Oh, M. E. Robbins, B. J. Nablo, and M. H. Schoenfisch, “Miniaturized glucose biosensor modified with a nitric oxide-releasing xerogel microarray,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 749–757, 2005.
[14]
P. G. Reeves, F. H. Nielsen, and G. C. Fahey Jr., “AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet,” Journal of Nutrition, vol. 123, no. 11, pp. 1939–1951, 1993.
[15]
D. M. Hegested, R. C. Mills, C. A. Elvehjer, and E. B. Hart, “Choline in chicks,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 138, pp. 459–466, 1941.
[16]
J. A. Campbell, “Methodology of protein evaluation,” PAG. Nutr. Document R. 101 Add. 37, June, Meeting, New York, NY, USA, 1963.
[17]
D. Bancroft, A. Stevens, and R. Turner, Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, Churchill Livingstone, London, UK, 4th edition, 1996.
[18]
N. Singha, G. J. S. Jenkins, R. Asadi, and S. H. Doak, “Potential toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION),” Nano Reviews, vol. 1, p. 5358, 2010.
[19]
D. Fischer, Y. Li, B. Ahlemeyer, J. Krieglstein, and T. Kissel, “In vitro cytotoxicity testing of polycations: influence of polymer structure on cell viability and hemolysis,” Biomaterials, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1121–1131, 2003.
[20]
S. J. H. Soenen, J. Baert, and M. De Cuyper, “Optimal conditions for labelling of 3T3 fibroblasts with magnetoliposomes without affecting cellular viability,” ChemBioChem, vol. 8, no. 17, pp. 2067–2077, 2007.
[21]
American Association for Clinical Chemistry, “The complete blood count (CBC) is often used as a broad screening test to determine an individual's general health status,” 2012.
[22]
D. Huang, J. Hsiao, Y. Chen et al., “The promotion of human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles,” Biomaterials, vol. 30, no. 22, pp. 3645–3651, 2009.
[23]
N. Sadeghiani, L. S. Barbosa, L. P. Silva, R. B. Azevedo, P. C. Morais, and Z. G. M. Lacava, “Genotoxicity and inflammatory investigation in mice treated with magnetite nanoparticles surface coated with polyaspartic acid,” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 289, pp. 466–468, 2005.
[24]
M. N. N. Vieira, J. D. Figueroa-Villar, M. N. L. Meirelles, S. T. Ferreira, and F. G. De Felice, “Small molecule inhibitors of lysozyme amyloid aggregation,” Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 549–553, 2006.
[25]
U. O. H？feli, J. S. Riffle, L. Harris-Shekhawat et al., “Cell uptake and in vitro toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles suitable for drug delivery,” Molecular Pharmaceutics, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1417–1428, 2009.
[26]
J. Buscombe, G. Paganelli, Z. E. Burak et al., “Sentinel node in breast cancer procedural guidelines,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 2154–2159, 2007.
[27]
B. Wang, W. Feng, M. Wang et al., “Acute toxicological impact of nano- and submicro-scaled zinc oxide powder on healthy adult mice,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 263–276, 2008.
[28]
S. Pasupuleti, S. Alapati, S. Ganapathy, G. Anumolu, N. R. Pully, and B. M. Prakhya, “Toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles through oral route,” Toxicology and Industrial Health, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 675–686, 2012.
[29]
M. Esmaeillou, M. Moharamnejad, R. Hsankhani, A. A. Tehrani, and H. Maadi, “Toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles in healthy adult mice,” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 67–71, 2013.
[30]
D. B. Warheit, T. R. Webb, V. L. Colvin, K. L. Reed, and C. M. Sayes, “Pulmonary bioassay studies with nanoscale and fine-quartz particles in rats: toxicity is not dependent upon particle size but on surface characteristics,” Toxicological Sciences, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 270–280, 2007.
[31]
V. Sharma, P. Singh, A. K. Pandey, and A. Dhawan, “Induction of oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in mouse liver after sub-acute oral exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles,” Mutation Research, vol. 745, no. 1-2, pp. 84–91, 2012.
