A suspected glyphosate-resistant goosegrass [ Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] population, found in Washington County, Mississippi, was studied to determine the level of resistance and whether the resistance was due to a point mutation, as was previously identified in a Malaysian population. Whole plant dose response assays indicated a two- to four-fold increase in resistance to glyphosate. Leaf disc bioassays based on a glyphosate-dependent increase in shikimate levels indicated a five- to eight-fold increase in resistance. Sequence comparisons of messenger RNA for epsps, the gene encoding the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, from resistant and sensitive goosegrass, revealed a cytosine to thymine nucleotide change at position 319 in the resistant accessions. This single nucleotide polymorphism causes a proline to serine amino acid substitution at position 106 in 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay using DNA probes specific for the nucleotide change at position 319 was developed to detect this polymorphism. Goosegrass from 42 locations were screened, and the results indicated that glyphosate-resistant goosegrass remained localized to where it was discovered. Pendimethalin, s-metolachlor, clethodim, paraquat and fluazifop controlled resistant goosegrass 93% to 100%, indicating that several control options for glyphosate-resistant goosegrass are available.
Kaundun, S.S.; Zelaya, I.A.; Dale, R.P.; Lycett, A.J.; Carter, P.; Sharples, K.R.; McIndoe, E. Importance of the P106S target-site mutation in conferring resistance to glyphosate in a goosegrass (Eleucine indica) population from the Philippines. Weed Sci. 2008, 56, 637–646, doi:10.1614/WS-07-148.1.
Baerson, S.R.; Rodriguez, D.J.; Tran, M.; Feng, Y.; Biest, N.A.; Dill, G.M. Glyphosate-resistant goosegrass. Identification of a mutation in the target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. Plant Physiol. 2002, 129, 1265–1275, doi:10.1104/pp.001560.
[8]
Ng, C.H.; Wickneswari, R.; Salmijah, S.; Teng, Y.T.; Ismail, B.S. Gene polymorphisms in glyphosate-resistant and –susceptible biotype of Eleusine indica from Malaysia. Weed Res. 2003, 43, 108–115, doi:10.1046/j.1365-3180.2003.00322.x.
[9]
Ng, C.H.; Wickneswari, R.; Salmijah, S.; Teng, Y.T.; Ismail, B.S. Glyphosate resistance in Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. from different origins and polymerase chain reaction amplification of specific alleles. Austral. J. Agric. Res. 2004, 55, 407–414.
Perez-Jones, A.; Park, K-W.; Polge, N.; Colquhoun, J.; Mallory-Smith, C.A. Investigating the mechanisms of glyphosate resistance in Lolium multiflorum. Planta 2007, 226, 395–404, doi:10.1007/s00425-007-0490-6.
[12]
Gaines, T.A.; Zhang, W.; Wang, D.; Bukun, B.; Chisholm, S.T.; Shaner, D.L.; Nissen, S.J.; Patzoldt, W.L.; Tranel, P.J.; Culpepper, A.S.; et al. Gene amplification confers glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus palmeri. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107, 1029–1034, doi:10.1073/pnas.0906649107.
[13]
Lorraine-Colwill, D.F.; Powles, S.B.; Hawkes, T.R.; Hollinshead, P.H.; Warner, S.A. J.; Preston, C. Investigations into the mechanism of glyphosate resistance in Lolium rigidum. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 2003, 74, 62–72.
[14]
Wakelin, A.M.; Lorraine-Colwill, D.F.; Preston, C. Glyphosate resistance in four different population of Lolium rigidum is associated with reduced translocation of glyphosate to meristematic zones. Weed Res. 2004, 44, 453–459, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.2004.00421.x.
[15]
Ge, X.; André d’ Avignon, D.; Ackerman, J.J.H.; Sammons, R.D. Rapid vacuolar sequestration: The horseweed glyphosate resistance mechanism. Pest Manag. Sci. 2010, 66, 345–348.
[16]
Shaner, D.L.; Nadler-Hassar, T.; Henry, W.B.; Koger, C.H. A rapid in vivo shikimate accumulation assay with excised leaf discs. Weed Sci. 2005, 53, 769–774, doi:10.1614/WS-05-009R.1.
[17]
Paterson, A.H.; Brubaker, C.L.; Wendel, J.F. A rapid method for extraction of cotton genomic DNA suitable for RFLP or PCR analysis. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 1993, 11, 122–127, doi:10.1007/BF02670470.
[18]
Sambrook, J.; Fritsch, E.F.; Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. ed.; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Plainview, NY, USA, 1989; Volume 1, pp. 82–84.
[19]
Drummond, A.J.; Ashton, B.; Buxton, S.; Cheung, M.; Cooper, A.; Duran, C.; Field, M.; Heled, J.; Kearse, M.; Markowitz, S.; et al. Geneious. Version 5.4; Biomatters Ltd.: Auckland, New Zealand, 2011. Available online: http://www.geneious.com (accessed on 24 October 2011).
[20]
Pizey, J.S.; Wain, R.L. Pre-emergent herbicidal activity of some substituted amides and related compounds. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1959, 10, 577–584, doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740101101.
[21]
SAS. Version 9.1.4, SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC, USA, 2002.