This comprehensive overview considers the currently known Pleistocene palaeoart of Asia on a common basis, which suggests that the available data are entirely inadequate to form any cohesive synthesis about this corpus. In comparison to the attention lavished on the corresponding record available from Eurasia’s small western appendage, Europe, it is evident that Pleistocene palaeoart from the rest of the world has been severely neglected. Southern Asia, in particular, holds great promise for the study of early cognitive development of hominins, and yet this potential has remained almost entirely unexplored. Asia is suggested to be the key continent in any global synthesis of ‘art’ origins, emphasising the need for a comprehensive pan-continental research program. This is not just to counter-balance the incredible imbalance in favour of Europe, but to examine the topic of Middle Pleistocene palaeoart development effectively.
References
[1]
Abramova, Z.A. L’art mobilier paléolithique en Siberie. Boll. Centro Camuno Studi Preist. 1990, 25/26, 80–98.
[2]
Aikens, C.M.; Higuchi, T. Prehistory of Japan; Academic Press: London, UK and New York, NY, USA, 1982.
[3]
Anati, E. Rock Art in Central Arabia, 2 vols; Bibliothèque du Muséon, Vol. 50; Institut Orientaliste Bibliothèque de l’Universite: Louvain, Belgium, 1968.
[4]
Aung, Y.Y. New discoveries of rock art in Badalin Caves, Myanmar. Rock Art Res. 2013, 30, 253.
[5]
Bahn, P.G. Pleistocene images outside Europe. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 1991, 57, 91–102.
[6]
Bar-Yosef, O. Upper Pleistocene Cultural Stratigraphy in Southeast Asia. In The Emergence of Modern Humans; Trinkaus, E., Ed.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1989; pp. 154–180.
[7]
Beaumont, P.B. The edge: More on fire-making by about 1.7 million years ago at Wonderwerk Cave in South Africa. Curr. Anthropol. 2011, 52, 585–595, doi:10.1086/660919.
[8]
Beaumont, P.B.; Bednarik, R.G. Tracing the emergence of palaeoart in sub-Saharan Africa. Rock Art Res. 2013, 30, 33–54.
[9]
Bednarik, R.G. Engramme und Phosphene. Z. Ethnol. 1987, 112, 223–235.
[10]
Bednarik, R.G. The Galgenberg figurine from Krems, Austria. Rock Art Res. 1989, 6, 118–125.
[11]
Bednarik, R.G. More to Palaeolithic females than meets the eye. Rock Art Res. 1990, 7, 133–137.
[12]
Bednarik, R.G. An Acheulian haematite pebble with striations. Rock Art Res. 1990, 7, 75.
[13]
Bednarik, R.G. The Paleolithic Art of Asia. In Ancient images, ancient thought: The archaeology of ideology; Goldsmith, S., Garvie, S., Selin, D., Smith, J., Eds.; University of Calgary: Calgary, Canada, 1992; pp. 383–390.
[14]
Bednarik, R.G. Palaeoart and archaeological myths. Camb. Archaeol. J. 1992, 2, 27–43, doi:10.1017/S0959774300000457.
[15]
Bednarik, R.G. Palaeolithic art found in China. Nature 1992, 356, 116, doi:10.1038/356116a0.
[16]
Bednarik, R.G. Natural line markings on Palaeolithic objects. Anthropologie 1992, 29, 233–240.
[17]
Bednarik, R.G. Pleistocene animal depiction in Asia. Int. Newsl. Rock Art 1993, 6, 2–6.
[18]
Bednarik, R.G. Palaeolithic art in India. Man Environ. 1993, 18, 33–40.
[19]
Bednarik, R.G. About Palaeolithic ostrich eggshell in India. Indo-Pacific Prehist. Assoc. Bull. 1993, 13, 34–43.
[20]
Bednarik, R.G. European Palaeolithic art—Typical or exceptional? Oxf. J. Archaeol. 1993, 12, 1–8, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1993.tb00277.x.
[21]
Bednarik, R.G. The Pleistocene art of Asia. J. World Prehist. 1994, 8, 351–375, doi:10.1007/BF02221090.
[22]
Bednarik, R.G. A taphonomy of palaeoart. Antiquity 1994, 68, 68–74.
[23]
Bednarik, R.G. Art origins. Anthropos 1994, 89, 169–180.
[24]
Bednarik, R.G. Challenge posed by the Palaeolithic art of Asia (in Chinese). Yan Hua (Rock Art) 1995, 1, 17–21.
[25]
Bednarik, R.G. Palaeolithic love goddesses of feminism. Anthropos 1996, 91, 183–190.
[26]
Bednarik, R.G. The cupules on Chief’s Rock, Auditorium Cave, Bhimbetka. Artefact 1996, 19, 63–72.
[27]
Bednarik, R.G. The role of Pleistocene beads in documenting hominid cognition. Rock Art Res. 1997, 14, 27–41.
[28]
Bednarik, R.G. The ‘austrolopithecine’ cobble from Makapansgat, South Africa. S. Afr. Archaeol. Bull. 1998, 53, 4–8, doi:10.2307/3889256.
[29]
Bednarik, R.G. The earliest evidence of palaeoart. Rock Art Res. 2003, 20, 89–135.
Bednarik, R.G. Beads and the origins of symbolism. Time Mind J. Archaeol. Conscious. Cult. 2008, 1, 285–318, doi:10.2752/175169708X329354.
[32]
Bednarik, R.G. Cupules. Rock Art Res. 2008, 25, 61–100.
[33]
Bednarik, R.G. Fluvial erosion of inscriptions and petroglyphs at Siega Verde, Spain. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2009, 36, 2365–2373, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.019.
[34]
Bednarik, R.G. Pleistocene rock art in Australia. Anthropos 2010, 105, 3–12.
[35]
Bednarik, R.G. The Human Condition; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2011.
[36]
Bednarik, R.G. Pleistocene palaeoart of AfricaSpecial issue ‘World rock art’. Arts 2013, 2, 6–34, doi:10.3390/arts2010006.
[37]
Bednarik, R.G. Megafauna depictions in Australian rock art. Rock Art Res. 2013, 30, 197–215.
[38]
Bednarik, R.G. Doing with less: Hominin brain atrophy. Curr. Anthropol.. In press .
[39]
Bednarik, R.G.; Devlet, K. Rock art conservation in Siberia. Purakala 1992, 3, 311.
[40]
Bednarik, R.G.; Khan, M. The Saudi Arabian rock art mission of November 2001. Atlal 2002, 17, 75–99.
[41]
Bednarik, R.G.; Khan, M. Scientific studies of Saudi Arabian rock art. Rock Art Res. 2005, 22, 49–81.
[42]
Bednarik, R.G.; Khan, M. The rock art of southern Arabia reconsidered. Adumatu Journal 2009, 20, 7–20.
[43]
Bednarik, R.G.; Kumar, G. The quartz cupules of Ajmer, Rajasthan. Purakala 2002, 13, 45–50.
[44]
Bednarik, R.G.; Kumar, G.; Tyagi, G.S. Petroglyphs from central India. Rock Art Res. 1991, 8, 33–35.
[45]
Bednarik, R.G.; Kumar, G.; Watchman, A.; Roberts, R.G. Preliminary results of the EIP Project. Rock Art Res. 2005, 22, 147–197.
[46]
Bednarik, R.G.; Fushun, L. Rock art dating in China: Past and future. Artefact 1991, 14, 25–33.
[47]
Bednarik, R.G.; Sreenathan, M. Traces of the ancients: Ethnographic vestiges of Pleistocene ‘art’. Rock Art Res. 2012, 29, 191–217.
[48]
Bednarik, R.G.; Yuzhu, Y. Palaeolithic art from China. Rock Art Res. 1991, 8, 119–123.
[49]
Belfer-Cohen, A. The Natufian in the Levant. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 1991, 20, 167–186, doi:10.1146/annurev.an.20.100191.001123.
[50]
Belfer-Cohen, A.; Bar-Yosef, O. The Aurignacian at Hayonim Cave. Paléorient 1981, 7, 19–42, doi:10.3406/paleo.1981.4296.
[51]
Belfer-Cohen, A.; Hovers, E. In the eye of the beholder: Mousterian and Natufian burials in the Levant. Curr. Anthropol. 1992, 33, 463–471.
[52]
Belitzky, S.; Goren-Inbar, N.; Werker, E. A Middle Pleistocene wooden plank with man-made polish. J. Hum. Evol. 1991, 20, 349–353, doi:10.1016/0047-2484(91)90015-N.
Brooks, A.S.; Helgren, D.M.; Cramer, J.S.; Franklin, A.; Hornyak, W.; Keating, J.M.; Klein, R.G.; Rink, W.J.; Schwarcz, H.; Smith, J.N.L.; et al. Dating and context of three Middle Stone Age sites with bone points in the Upper Semliki valley, Zaire. Science 1995, 268, 548–553.
[55]
Butti, C.; Sherwood, C.C.; Hakeem, A.Y.; Allman, J.M. Total number and volume of von Economo neurons in the cerebral cortex of cetaceans. J. Comp. Neurol. 2009, 515, 243–259, doi:10.1002/cne.22055.
[56]
Chen, T.M.; Yuan, S.X.; Gao, S.J. The study on uranium-series dating of fossil bones and an absolute age sequence for the main Palaeolithic sites of north China (in Chinese). Acta Anthropol. Sin. 1984, 3, 259–269.
[57]
Chen, Z.F. History of the Discovery of Chinese Rock Art; Shanghai People’s Publishing House: Shanghai, China, 1991. (in Chinese).
[58]
Christian, K.M.; Thompson, R.F. Long-term storage of an associative memory trace in the cerebellum. Behav. Neurosci. 2005, 119, 256–537, doi:10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.256.
[59]
Davis, S.J.M. Incised bones from the Mousterian of Kebara Cave (Mount Carmel) and the Aurignacian of Ha-yonim (Western Galilee), Israel. Paléorient 1974, 2, 181–182, doi:10.3406/paleo.1974.4181.
[60]
D’Errico, F.; Gaillard, C.; Misra, V.N. Collection of non-utilitarian objects by Homo erectus in India. Hominidae. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Human Paleontology, Editoriale Jaca Book, Milan, 1989; pp. 237–239.
[61]
D’Errico, F.; Nowell, A. A new look at the Berekhat Ram figurine: Implications for the origins of symbolism. Camb. Archaeol. J. 2000, 10, 123–167.
[62]
De Veer, M.W.; van den Bos, R. A critical review of methodology and interpretation of mirror self-recognition research in nonhuman primates. Anim. Behav. 1999, 58, 459–468, doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1166.
[63]
Dobres, M.-A. Re-considering Venus Figurines: A Feminist-inspired Re-analysis. In Ancient Images, Ancient Thought: The Archaeology of Ideology; Goldsmith, A.S., Garvie, S., Selin, D., Smith, J., Eds.; 1992; pp. 245–262. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Chacmool Conference, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
[64]
Duhard, J.-P. La posture des mains pendant la grossesse. Rock Art Res. 1990, 7, 137–140.
[65]
Dupree, L. Tentative Conclusions and Tentative Chronological ChartsIn L. Dupree (ed.), Prehistoric Research in Afghanistan (1959–66). Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 1972, 62, 74–82, doi:10.2307/1005969.
[66]
Edwards, P. Wadi Hammeh 27: An Early Natufian Site at Pella, Jordan. In The Natufian Culture in the Levant, International Monographs in Prehistory; Bar-Yosef, O., Valla, F., Eds.; University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 1991; pp. 123–148.
[67]
Falk, D. Finding our Tongues: Mothers, Infants and the Origins of Language; Basic Books: New York, NY, USA, 2009.
[68]
Peng, F.; Gao, X.; Wang, H.M.; Chen, F.Y.; Liu, D.C.; Pei, S.W. An engraved artifact from Shuidonggou, an Early Late Paleolithic Site in Northwest China. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2012, 57, 4594–4599, doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5317-6.
[69]
Feraud, G.; York, D.; Hall, C.M.; Goren-Inbar, N.; Schwarcz, H.P. 40Ar/39Ar age limit for an Acheulean site in Israel. Nature 1983, 304, 263–265, doi:10.1038/304263a0.
[70]
Gai, S. Petroglyphs in the Yinshan Mountains; Cultural Relics Publishing House: Beijing, China, 1986.
[71]
Gaillard, C. Les premiers peuplements d’Asie du sud: Vestiges culturels. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2006, 5, 359–369, doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.09.007.
[72]
Gaillard, C.; Raju, D.R.; Misra, V.N.; Rajaguru, S.N. Acheulian occupation at Singi Talav in the Thar Desert, India: A preliminary report on 1982 excavation. Man Environ. 1983, 7, 112–130.
Gallup, G.G., Jr. Self-awareness and the evolution of social intelligence. Behav. Processes 1998, 42, 239–247, doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(97)00079-X.
[75]
Gallup, G.G., Jr.; Anderson, J.L.; Shillito, D.P. The Mirror Test. In The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition; Bekoff, M., Allen, C., Burghardt, G.M., Eds.; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 2002; pp. 325–333.
[76]
Gao, X.; Huang, W.; Xu, Z.; Ma, Z.; Olsen, J.W. 120–150 ka human tooth and ivory engravings from Xinglongdong Cave, Three Gorges region, south China. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2004, 49, 175–180, doi:10.1360/03wd0214.
[77]
Garrod, D.A.E.; Bate, D.M.A. The Stone Age of Mount Carmel; Claredon Press: Oxford, UK, 1937; Volume I.
[78]
Gimbutas, M. Civilization of the Goddess; Harper: San Francisco, CA, USA, 1991.
[79]
Goren-Inbar, N. The lithic assemblages of Berekhat Ram Acheulean site, Golan Heights. Paléorient 1985, 11, 7–28, doi:10.3406/paleo.1985.4358.
[80]
Goren-Inbar, N. A figurine from the Acheulian site of Berekhat Ram. Mi’Tekufat Ha’Even 1986, 19, 7–12.
[81]
Goren-Inbar, N. Quneitra: A Mousterian Site on the Golan Heights; Monograph 31; Institute of Archaeology: Jerusalem, CA, USA, 1990.
[82]
Goren-Inbar, N.; Lewy, Z.; Kislev, M.E. The taphonomy of a bead-like fossil from the Acheulian of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel. Rock Art Res. 1991, 8, 83–87.
[83]
Gvozdover, M.D. The typology of female figurines of the Kostenki Palaeolithic culture. Sov. Anthropol. Archaeol. 1989, 27, 32–94, doi:10.2753/AAE1061-1959270432.
[84]
Hakeem, A.Y.; Sherwood, C.C.; Bonar, C.J.; Butti, C.; Hof, P.R.; Allman, J.M. Von Economo neurons in the elephant brain. Anat. Record 2009, 292, 242–248, doi:10.1002/ar.20829.
[85]
Heyes, C.M. Theory of mind in nonhuman primates. Behav. Brain Sci. 1998, 21, 101–134.
[86]
Hovers, E. Art in the Levantine Epi-Palaeolithic: An engraved pebble from a Kebaran site in the lower Jordan valley. Curr. Anthropol. 1990, 31, 317–322.
[87]
Hovers, E.; Vandermeersch, B.; Bar-Yosef, O. A Middle Palaeolithic engraved artefact from Qafzeh Cave, Israel. Rock Art Res. 1997, 14, 79–87.
[88]
Joffe, T.H. Social pressures have selected for an extended juvenile period in primates. J. Hum. Evol. 1997, 32, 593–605, doi:10.1006/jhev.1997.0140.
[89]
Keenan, J.P.; Falk, D.; Gallup, G.C., Jr. The Face in the Mirror: The Search for the Origins of Consciousness; Harper Collins Publishers: New York, NY, USA, 2003.
[90]
Klein, R.G.; Edgar, B. The Dawn of Human Culture: A Bold New Theory on What Sparked the “Big Bang” of Human Consciousness; Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 2002.
[91]
Krause, J.; Fu, Q.; Good, J.M.; Viola, B.; Shunkov, M.V.; Derevianko, A.P.; P？？bo, S. The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia. Nature 2010, 464, 894–897, doi:10.1038/nature08976.
[92]
Kumar, G. Daraki-Chattan: A Palaeolithic cupule site in India. Rock Art Res. 1996, 13, 38–46.
[93]
Kumar, G.; Narvare, G.; Pancholi, R. Engraved ostrich eggshell objects: New evidence of Upper Palaeolithic art in India. Rock Art Res. 1988, 5, 43–53.
[94]
Lashley, K.S. In search of the engram. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1950, 4, 454–482.
[95]
Leroi-Gourhan, A. The flowers found with Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal burial in Iraq. Science 1975, 190, 562–565, doi:10.1126/science.190.4214.562.
[96]
Leroi-Gourhan, A. Comment. Curr. Anthropol. 1989, 30, 183.
[97]
Li, F. A survey on the methods of dating rock art in China. Int. Newsl. Rock Art 1992, 2, 15–20.
[98]
Liu, D.C.; Wang, X.L.; Gao, X.; et al. Progress in the stratigraphy and geochronology of the Shuidonggou site, Ningxia, north China. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2009, 54, 3880–3886, doi:10.1007/s11434-009-0652-y.
[99]
Liu, Yiqing. New discovery and historical division of the petroglyphs in Helan Mountains. In Paper Presented at the International Conference of Rock Art Study, Recording and Conservation, Yinchuan, China, 1991.
[100]
Marshack, A. Aq Kupruk: Art and symbol. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 1972, 62, 66–72, 83–84.
[101]
Marshack, A. The Berekhat Ram figurine: A late Acheulian carving from the Middle East. Antiquity 1997, 71, 327–337.
[102]
McGrew, W.C. The Cultured Chimpanzee; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2004.
[103]
McGrew, W.C.; Marchant, L.F. Chimpanzee wears a knotted skin ‘necklace’. Pan Afr. News 1998, 5, 8–9.
[104]
Misra, V.D. Some Aspects of Indian Archaeology; Prabhat Prakashan: Allahabad, India, 1977.
[105]
Mitchell, R.W. Mental models of mirror-self-recognition: Two theories. New Ideas Psychol. 1993, 11, 295–325, doi:10.1016/0732-118X(93)90002-U.
[106]
Mitchell, R.W. Kinesthetic-visual matching and the self-concept as explanations of mirror-self-recognition. J. Theory Soc. Behav. 1997, 27, 18–39.
[107]
Mitchell, R.W. Subjectivity and Self-recognition in Animals. In Handbook of Self and Identity; Leary, M.R., Tangney, J.P., Eds.; Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2002; pp. 567–595.
[108]
Mithen, S. Creativity in Human Evolution and Prehistory; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 1998.
[109]
Narr, K.J. Die Frühe und Mittlere Altsteinzeit Süd- und Ostasiens. In Handbuch der Urgeschichte, Vol. 1, ？ltere und Mittlere Steinzeit: J？ger- und Sammlerkulturem; Narr, K.J., Ed.; Francke Verlag: Berne and Munich, Switzerland/Germany, 1966; pp. 113–133.
[110]
Neuville, R. Le Paléolithique et le Msolithique du désert de Judée; Archives de l’Institut de Paléontologie Humaine: Masson, Paris, France, 1951.
[111]
Noy, T. Art and decoration of the Natufian at Nahal Oren. In The Natufian Culture in the Levant; Bar-Yosef, O., Valla, F.R., Eds.; International Monographs in Prehistory: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 1991; pp. 557–568.
[112]
O’Connell, J.F.; Hawkes, K.; Jones, N.G.B. Grandmothering and the evolution of Homo erectus. J. Hum. Evol. 1999, 36, 461–485, doi:10.1006/jhev.1998.0285.
[113]
Okamura, M. The achievements of research into the Japanese Palaeolithic. Acta Asiat. 1992, 63, 21–39.
Paddayya, K. The Acheulian Culture of the Hunsgi Valley, Peninsular India: A Settlement System Perspective; Deccan College: Pune, India, 1982.
[118]
Pei, W.C. Notice of the discovery of quartz and other stone artifacts in the Lower Pleistocene hominid-bearing sediments of the Choukoutien Cave deposits. Bull. Geol. Soc. China 1931, 11, 109–146, doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.1932.mp11002003.x.
[119]
Peyrony, D. La Ferrassie. Moustérien, Périgordien, Aurignacien. Préhistoire 1934, 3, 1–92.
[120]
Pfeiffer, J.E. The Creative Explosion: An Inquiry into the Origins of Art and Religion; Harper & Row: New York, NY, USA, 1983.
[121]
Qin, S.; Qin, T.; Lu, M.; Yü, J. The Investigation and Research of the Cliff and Mural Paintings of the Zuojiang River Valley in Guangxi; Guangxi National Printing House: Nanning, China, 1987.
[122]
Rigaud, S. Révision critique des Porosphaera globularis interprétées comme éléments de parure acheuléens. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Université Bordeaux 1, France, 2006–2007.
[123]
Rigaud, S.; d’Errico, F.; Vanhaeren, M.; Neumann, C. Critical reassessment of putative Acheulean Prosphaere globularis beads. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2009, 36, 25–34.
[124]
Ronen, A.; Barton, G.M. Rock engravings on western Mount Carmel, Israel. Quart？r 1981, 31/32, 121–137.
[125]
Russell, P. Learning from curves: The female figure in Palaeolithic Europe. Rock Art Res. 2006, 23, 41–49.
[126]
Seeley, W.W.; Carlin, D.A.; Allman, J.M. Early frontotemporal dementia targets neurons unique to apes and humans. Ann. Neurol. 2006, 60, 660–667, doi:10.1002/ana.21055.
[127]
Sohn, P.-K. Palaeolithic culture of Korea. Korea J., 1974, 14, 4–11.
[128]
Sohn, P.-K. Inception of Art Mobilier in the Middle Palaeolithic period at Chommal Cave, Korea. In Resumenes de Comunicaciones, Paleolítico Medio; Xth UISPP Congress: Mexico City, Mexio, 1981; pp. 31–32.
[129]
Solecki, R. The Middle Palaeolithic site of Nahr Ibrahim (Asfurieh Cave) in Lebanon. In Problems in Prehistory: North Africa and the Levant; Wendorf, F., Marks, A., Eds.; Southern Methodist University Press: Dallas, USA, 1975; pp. 283–295.
[130]
Sonawane, V.H. An Engraved Mesolithic Core from Chandravati, Rajasthan. In Archaeology and History: Essays in Memory of Shri A. Ghosh; Pande, P.M., Chattopadhaya, B.D., Eds.; Agam Kala Prakashan: Delhi, India, 1991; Volume I, pp. 53–56.
[131]
Steelman, K.L.; Rowe, M.W.; Shirokov, V.N.; Southon, J.R. Radiocarbon dates for pictographs in Ignatievskaya Cave, Russia: Holocene age for supposed Pleistocene fauna. Antiquity 2002, 76, 341–348.
[132]
Steinmetz, J.E.; Lavond, D.G.; Ivkovich, D.; Logan, C.G.; Thompson, R.F. Disruption of classical eyelid conditioning after cerebellar lesions: Damage to a memory trace system or a simple performance deficit? J. Neurosci. 1992, 12, 4403–4426.
[133]
Steinmetz, J.E.; Logan, C.G.; Rosen, D.J.; Thompson, J.K.; Lavond, D.G.; Thompson, R.F. Initial localization of the acoustic conditioned stimulus projection system to the cerebellum essential for classical eyelid conditioning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987, 84, 3531–3535.
[134]
Steinmetz, J.E.; Thompson, R.F. Brain Substrates of Aversive Classical Conditioning. In Neurobiology of Learning, Emotion and Affect; Madden, J., Ed.; Raven Press: New York, NY, USA, 1991; pp. 97–120.
[135]
Ta？on, P.S.C.; Aubert, M.; Li, G.; Yang, D.; Liu, H.; May, S.K.; Fallon, S.; Ji, X.; Curnoe, D.; Herries, A.I.R. Uranium-series age estimates for rock art in southwest China. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2012, 39, 492–499, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.10.004.
[136]
Ta？on, P.S.C.; Boivin, N.; Petraglia, M.; Blinkhorn, J.; Chivas, A.; Roberts, R.G.; Fink, D.; Higham, T.; Ditchfield, P.; Korisettar, R.; Zhao, J.-X. Mid-Holocene age obtained for nested diamond pattern petroglyph in the Billasurgam Cave complex, Kurnool District, southern India. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2013, 40, 1787–1796, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.12.006.
[137]
Tang, H. Theory and methods in Chinese rock art studies. Rock Art Res. 1993, 10, 83–90.
[138]
Tang, H. New discovery of rock art and megalithic sites in the Central Plain of China. Rock Art Res. 2012, 29, 157–170.
[139]
Tang, H.; Gao, Z. Dating analysis of rock art in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Rock Art Res. 2004, 21, 161–172.
[140]
Tang, H.; Mei, Y. A discussion on the date of prehistoric petroglyphs from the Jiangjunya site. Southeast Cult. 2008, 202, 11–23.
[141]
Thompson, R.F. Foundations of Physiological Psychology; Harper & Row: New York, NY, USA, 1967.
[142]
Thompson, R.F. The neurobiology of learning and memory. Science 1986, 233, 941–947.
[143]
Thompson, R.F. Neural mechanisms of classical conditioning in mammals. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 1990, 329, 161–170, doi:10.1098/rstb.1990.0161.
[144]
Thompson, R.F.; Berger, T.W.; Cegavske, C.F.; Patterson, M.M.; Roemer, R.A.; Teyler, T.J.; Young, R.A. The search for the engram. Am. Psychol. 1976, 31, 209–227, doi:10.1037/0003-066X.31.3.209.
[145]
Turville-Petre, F. Excavations in the Mugharet el-Kebarah. J. R. Anthropol. Inst. 1932, 62, 271–276.
[146]
Vandermeersch, B. Les Hommes Fossiles de Qafzeh (Isra？l); Centre national de la recherche scientifique: Paris, France, 1981.
[147]
Vartanyan, S.L.; Garutt, V.E.; Sher, A.V. Holocene dwarf mammoths from Wrangel Island in the Siberian Arctic. Nature 1993, 362, 337–340, doi:10.1038/362337a0.
[148]
Vasilevski, R.S.; Drozdov, N.I. Paleoliticheskie Skulpturnye Izobrazhenia iz Vostochnoi Sibiri. Plastika i Risunki Drevnikh Kultur; Novosibirsk: Russia, 1983; pp. 59–65.
[149]
Wakankar, V.S. Bhimbetka excavations. J. Indian Hist. 1973, 51, 23–33.
Wang, N. An introduction to rock paintings in Yunnan Province (People’s Republic of China). Rock Art Res. 1984, 1, 75–90.
[152]
Weinstein-Evron, M.; Belfer-Cohen, A. Natufian figurines from the new excavations of the el-Wad Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel. Rock Art Res. 1993, 10, 99–103.
[153]
Woo Sheh Ming Research on relations between Cangyuan rock paintings and Shi-Fo-Dong Neolithic culture, pre-circulated paper. In Yinchuan Rock Art Conference, China, 1991.
[154]
You, Y. Preliminary study of a Palaeolithic bone engraving. Kexue Tongbao 1984, 29, 80–82.
