全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
Diversity  2013 

Molecular Identification and Historic Demography of the Marine Tucuxi (Sotalia guianensis) at the Amazon River’s Mouth by Means of Mitochondrial Control Region Gene Sequences and Implications for Conservation

DOI: 10.3390/d5040703

Keywords: Sotalia guianensis, Sotalia fluviatilis, Steno brenadensis, Ver-ao-Peso market, mitochondrial control region gene, Amazon River mouth, population expansion, Pleistocene

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

In 2005, three fishermen, with artisan fishing vessels and drift gillnets, accidentally captured around 200 dolphins between Vigia and Salinópolis in the Amazon River estuary. The dolphins died and they then prepared their vaginas and penises in order to sell them in the Ver-ao-Peso market in the city of Belem within the Brazilian state of Pará. We randomly sampled a minimal quantity of tissue of these sexual organs from 78 of these 200 dolphins and we determined the following results after sequencing 689 base pairs (bp) from the mitochondrial control region gene: (1) 96.15% (75/78) of these dolphins belonged to the species Sotalia guianensis. The other species detected were Steno brenaden sis, Stenella coeruleoalba and Tursiops truncatus; (2) The levels of gene diversity found in this sample of S. guianensis were high (33 haplotypes, haplotype diversity of 0.917 and nucleotide diversity of 0.0045) compared to gene diversities found in other Brazilian S. guianensis locations; (3) All the population genetics methods employed indicated a clear population expansion in this population. This population expansion could have begun 400,000 years ago; (4) The haplotype divergence within this population could have begun around 2.1 millions of years ago (MYA), with posterior splits around 2.0–1.8 MYA, 1.7–1.8 MYA, 1–1.5 MYA, 0.6–0.8 MYA, 0.4–0.2 MYA and 0.16–0.02 MYA, all during the Pleistocene.

References

[1]  Borobia, M.; Siciliano, S.; Lodi, L.; Whoek, I. Distribution of the South American dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis. Can. J. Zool. 1991, 69, 1025–1039, doi:10.1139/z91-148.
[2]  Carr, T.; Bonde, R. Tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) occurs in Nicaragua, 800 km north of its previously known range. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 2000, 16, 447–452, doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00936.x.
[3]  Da Silva, V.M.F.; Best, R.C. Sotaliafluviatilis. Mamm. Spec. 1996, 527, 1–7, doi:10.2307/3504117.
[4]  Robineau, D. Les types de cétacés actuels du Muséum National D′Histoire Naturelle II. Delphinidae, Phocoenidae. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris 1990, 12, 197–238.
[5]  Hershkovitz, P. Catalog of living whales. Bulletin of the United States National Museum; Smithsonian Institution: Washington, DC, 1966; Volume 246, pp. 1–259.
[6]  Flower, W.H. On the characters and divisions of the family Delphinidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, 43, 466–513.
[7]  Hershkovitz, P. Notes on South American dolphins of the genera Inia, Sotalia and Tursiops. J. Mamm. 1962, 44, 98–103, doi:10.2307/1377172.
[8]  Cabrera, A. Catálogo de los mamíferos de América del Sur, II, (Sirenia-Perissodactyla-Artiodactyla-Lagomorpha-Cetacea). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia.” Ciencias Zool. 1961, 4, 309–732.
[9]  Mitchell, E.D. Report of the meeting on smaller cetaceans. J. Fish Res. Board Can. 1975, 32, 889–983, doi:10.1139/f75-117.
[10]  Leatherwood, S.; Reeves, R.R. The Sierra Club Handbook of Whales and Dolphins; Sierra Club Books: San Francisco, CA, USA, 1983.
[11]  Borobia, M. Distribution and Morphometrics of South American Dolphins of the Genus Sotalia. Master’s Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, MN, Canada, 7 March 1989.
[12]  Rice, D.W. Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution; Special Publication Number 4; The Society of Marine Mammalogy: Lawrence, KS, USA, 1998.
[13]  Flores, P.A.C. Tucuxi—Sotalia fluviatilis. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals; Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B., Thewissen, J.G.M., Eds.; Academic: San Diego, FL, USA, 2002; pp. 1267–1269.
[14]  Furtado-Neto, M.A.A. Molecular systematics and population genetics of marine vertebrates from Brazil. Ph.D. Thesis., Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Canada, 1998.
[15]  Monteiro-Filho, E.L.D.A.; Rabello-Monteiro, L.; Reis, S.F.D. Skull shape and size divergence in dolphins of the genus Sotalia: A morphometric tridimensional analysis. J. Mammal. 2002, 83, 125–134, doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0125:SSASDI>2.0.CO;2.
[16]  Cunha, H.A.; Da Silva, V.M.F.; Lailson-Brito, J.J.; Santos, M.C.O.; Flores, P.A.C.; Martin, A.R.; Azevedo, A.F.; Fragoso, A.B.L.; Zanelatto, R.C.; Solé-Cava, A.M. Riverine and marine ecotypes of Sotalia fluviatilis are different species. Mar. Biol. 2005, 148, 449–457, doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0078-2.
[17]  Caballero, S.; Trujillo, F.; Vianna, J.A.; Barrios-Garrido, H.; Montiel, M.G.; Beltrán-Pedreros, S.; Marmontel, M.; Santos, M.C.; Rossi-Santos, M.; Santos, F.R.; et al. Taxonomic status of the genus Sotalia: Species level ranking for “tucuxi” (Sotalia fluviatilis) and “costero” (Sotalia guianensis) dolphins. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 2007, 23, 358–386, doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00110.x.
[18]  Boher, S.; Bola?os, J.; Cova, L.J. Sobre un avistamiento del delfín estuarino o bufete (Sotalia fluviatilis) en el Orinoco Medio. Acta Científica Venezolana 1995, 46, 217–218.
[19]  Cunha, H.C.; Da Silva, V.M.F.; Solé-Cava, A.M. Molecular Ecology and Systematics of Sotalia Dolphins. In Biology, Evolution and Conservation of River Dolphins within South America and Asia; Ruiz-Garcia, M., Shostell, J., Eds.; Nova Science: New York, NY, USA, 2010; pp. 261–283.
[20]  Cunha, H.A. Sistemática molecular e filogeografia do gênero Sotalia Gray 1866 (Delphinidae) no Brasil. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 17 June 2007.
[21]  Cunha, H.A.; Solé-Cava, A.M. Phylogeography of Sotalia guianensis along the Brazilian coast. In Sociedad Latinoamericana de Especialistas en Mamíferos Acuáticos – SOLAMAC. (in Portuguese); Workshop Internacional sobre Pesquisa e Conserva??o dos Golfinhos do Gênero Sotalia: Búzios, Brazil, 2006.
[22]  Hollatz, C.; Flach, L.; Scott Baker, C.; Santos, F.R. Microsatellite data reveal fine genetic structure in male Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) in two geographically close embayments at south-eastern coast of Brazil. Mar. Biol. 2011, 158, 927–933, doi:10.1007/s00227-010-1619-x.
[23]  Caballero, S. Genetic Characterization of the South American Coastal and Riverine Dolphins Sotalia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 2006.
[24]  Sambrock, J.; Fritsch, E.F.; Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Woodbury, NY, USA, 1989.
[25]  Shields, G.F.; Kocher, T.D. Phylogenetic relationships of North American Ursids based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Evolution 1991, 45, 218–221, doi:10.2307/2409495.
[26]  Thompson, J.D.; Gibson, T.J.; Plewniak, F.; Jeanmouguin, F.; Higgins, D.G. The Clustal-X windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acid Res. 1997, 24, 4876–4882.
[27]  Librado, P.; Rozas, J. DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics 2009, 25, 1451–1452, doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp187.
[28]  Rogers, A.R.; Harpending, H.C. Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1992, 9, 552–569.
[29]  Rogers, A.R.; Fraley, A.E.; Bamshad, M.J.; Watkins, W.S.; Jorde, L.B. Mitochondrial mismatch analysis is insensitive to the mutational process. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1996, 13, 895–902, doi:10.1093/molbev/13.7.895.
[30]  Harpending, H.C.; Sherry, S.T.; Rogers, A.R.; Stoneking, M. Genetic structure of ancient human populations. Curr. Antrophol. 1993, 34, 483–496.
[31]  Harpending, H. Signature of ancient population growth in a low resolution mitochondrial DNA mismatch distribution. Hum. Biol. 1994, 66, 591–600.
[32]  Ramos-Onsins, S.E.; Rozas, J. Statistical properties of new neutrality tests against population growth. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2002, 19, 2092–2100, doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004034.
[33]  Fu, Y.X.; Li, W.H. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations. Genetics 1993, 133, 693–709.
[34]  Fu, Y.X. Statistical tests of neutrality against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. Genetics 1997, 147, 915–925.
[35]  Tajima, F. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics 1989, 123, 585–595.
[36]  Simonsen, K.L.; Churchill, G.A.; Aquadro, C.F. Properties of statistical tests of neutrality for DNA polymorphism data. Genetics 1995, 141, 413–429.
[37]  Drummond, A.J.; Rambaut, A. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol. Biol. 2007, 7, 214, doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-214.
[38]  Rambaut, A.; Drummond, A.J. Tracer v1.4. Available online: http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Tracer (accessed on 2 October 2012).
[39]  Drummond, A.J.; Ho, S.Y.W.; Phillips, M.J.; Rambaut, A. Relaxed phylogenetics and dating with confidence. PLoS Biol. 2006, 4, e88, doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040088.
[40]  Cunha, H.C.; Moraes, L.C.; Medeiros, B.V.; Lailson-Brito, J., Jr.; Da Silva, V.M.F.; Solé-Cava, A.M.; Schrago, C.G. Phylogenetic status and timescale for the diversification of Steno and Sotalia dolphins. PLoS One 2011, 6, e28297, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028297.
[41]  Posada, D.; Crandall, K.A. MODELTEST: Testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 1998, 14, 817–818, doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817.
[42]  Tamura, K.; Peterson, D.; Peterson, N.; Stecher, G.; Nei, M.; Kumar, S. MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011, 28, 2731–2739, doi:10.1093/molbev/msr121.
[43]  Swofford, D.L. PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony and other methods. pp. 1–142. Available online: http://www.paup.csit.fsu.edu (accessed on 7 January 2002).
[44]  Bandelt, H.J.; Forster, P.; Rohl, A. Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1999, 16, 37–48, doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036.
[45]  Morral, N.; Bertranpetit, J.; Estivill, X. The origin of the major cystic fibrosis mutation (delta F508) in European populations. Nat. Genet. 1994, 7, 169–175, doi:10.1038/ng0694-169.
[46]  Saillard, J.; Forster, P.; Lynnerup, N.; Bandelt, H.-J.; Norby, S. mtDNA variation among Greenland Eskimos: The edge of the Beringian expansion. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2000, 67, 718–726, doi:10.1086/303038.
[47]  Beltran-Pedreros, S.; Petrere, M.; Filgueiras-Henriques, L.A. Ethnoecology of Sotalia guianensis (Gervais, 1853) in the Amazon Estuary. In Biology, Evolution and Conservation of River Dolphins within South America and Asia; Ruiz-Garcia, M., Shostell, J., Eds.; Nova Science: New York, NY, USA, 2010; pp. 221–235.
[48]  Muller-Karger, F.E.; Mcclain, C.R.; Richardson, P.L. The dispersal of the Amazon’s water. Nature 1988, 333, 57–59.
[49]  Gravena, W.; Hrbek, T.; Da Silva, V.M.F.; Farias, I.P. Amazon River dolphin love fetishes: From folklore to molecular forensics. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 2008, 24, 969–978.
[50]  Sholl, T.G.C.; Nascimento, F.F.; Leoncini, O.; Bonvicino, C.R.; Siciliano, S. Taxonomic identification of dolphin love charms commercialized in the Amazonian region through the analysis of cytochrome b DNA. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 2008, 88, 1207–1210.
[51]  Pinedo, M.C. Intentional and incidental capture of marine mammals in fishing nets. In Conclusiones de la primera reunión de trabajo de expertos en mamíferos acuáticos de América del Sur; Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina Editors: Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1985; pp. 1–236.
[52]  Flach, L.; Flach, P.A.; Chiarello, A.G. Aspects of behavioral ecology of Sotalia guianensis in Sepetiba Bay, southeast Brazil. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 2008, 24, 503–515, doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00198.x.
[53]  Hoelzel, A.R.; Goldsworthy, S.D.; Fleischer, R.C. Population genetics. In Marine Mammal Biology: An Evolutionary Approach; Hoelzel, R., Ed.; Blackwell Science: Oxford, England, 2002; pp. 325–352.
[54]  Caballero, S.; Trujillo, F.; Ruiz-García, M.; Vianna, J.; Marmontel, M.; Santos, F.R.; Baker, C.S. Population structure and phylogeography of tucuxi dolphins (Sotalia fluviatilis). In Biology, Evolution, and Conservation of River Dolphins within South America and Asia; Ruiz-García, M., Shostell, J., Eds.; Nova Science Publishers, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2010; pp. 285–299.
[55]  Borobia, M.; Rosas, F.C.W. Tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis. In Estado de Conservación de los Mamíferos Marinos del Atlántico Sudoccidental. (in Spanish); Capozzo, H.L., Junìn, M., Eds.; Informes y estudios del Programa de Mares Regionales del PNUMA No 138; SSC Editorial: Nairobi, Kenya, 1991; pp. 36–41.
[56]  Magnusson, W.E.; Best, R.C.; Da Silva, V.M.F. Numbers and behaviour of Amazonian dolphins, Inia geoffrensis and Sotalia fluviatilis in the Rio Solimoes, Brasil. Aquat. Mamm. 1988, 8, 27–41.
[57]  Vidal, O.; Barlow, J.; Hurtado, L.A.; Torre, J.; Cendón, P.; Ojeda, Z. Distribution and abundance of the Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) and the Tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) in the upper Amazon river. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 1997, 13, 427–445, doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00650.x.
[58]  Hoelzel, A.R.; Hancock, J.M.; Dover, G.A. Evolution of the cetacean mitochondrial D-loop region. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1991, 8, 475–493.
[59]  Irwin, D.M.; Kocher, T.D.; Wilson, A.C. Evolution of the cytochrome b gene of mammals. J. Mol. Evol. 1991, 32, 128–144, doi:10.1007/BF02515385.
[60]  Hoorn, C.J.; Guerrero, G.A.; Sarmiento, D.; Lorente, M.A. Andean tectonics as a cause for changing drainage patterns in miocene Northern South-America. Geology 1995, 23, 237–240, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0237:ATAACF>2.3.CO;2.
[61]  Lundberg, J.G.; Marshall, L.G.; Guerrero, J.; Horton, B.; Malabarba, M.C.S.L.; Wesseling, F. The Stage for Neotropical Fish Diversification: A History of Tropical South American Rivers. In Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes; Malabarba, L.R., Reis, R.E., Vari, R.P., Lucena, Z.M., Lucena, C.A.S., Eds.; Edipucrs: Porto Alegre, Brasil, 1998; p. 603.
[62]  Klammer, G. The Relief of the Extra-Andean Amazon Basin. In The Amazon: Limnology and Landscape Ecology of a Mighty Tropical River and its Basin; Sioli, H., Ed.; Dr W Junk Publisher: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1984; pp. 47–83.
[63]  McGowen, M.R.; Spaulding, M.; Gatesy, J. Divergence date estimation and a comprehensive molecular tree of extant cetaceans. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2009, 53, 891–906, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.018.
[64]  Steeman, M.E.; Hebsgaard, M.B.; Fordyce, R.E.; Ho, S.Y.W.; Rabosky, D.L.; Nielsen, R.; Rahbek, C.; Glenner, H.; S?rensen, M.V.; Willerslev, E. Radiation of extant cetaceans driven by restructuring of the oceans. Syst. Biol. 2009, 58, 573–585, doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp060.
[65]  Forasiepi, A.; Martinelli, A.; Blanco, J. Bestiario Fósil. Mamíferos del Pleistoceno de la Argentina; Editorial Albatros: Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2007; pp. 1–190.
[66]  Van Der Hammen, T. La Paleoecología de Suramérica Tropical. Cuarenta a?os de Investigación de la Historia del Medio Ambiente y de la Vegetación. In Historia, Ecología y Vegetación; Corporación Colombiana para la Amazonía-Araracuara: Bogotá, Colombia, 1992; pp. 1–411.
[67]  Campbell, K.E.; Frailey, C.D.; Romero-Pittman, L. The Pan-Amazonian Ucayali Peneplain, late Neogene sedimentation in Amazonia, and the birth of the modern Amazon River system. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2006, 239, 166–219, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.01.020.
[68]  Figueiredo, J.; Hoorn, C.; van Der Ven, P.; Soares, E. Late Miocene onset of the Amazon River and the Amazon deep-sea fan: Evidence from the Foz do Amazonas Basin. Geology 2009, 37, 619–622, doi:10.1130/G25567A.1.
[69]  Haq, B.U.; Hardenbol, J.; Vail, P.R. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science 1987, 235, 1156–1167.
[70]  Díaz De Gamero, M.L. The changing course of the Orinoco River during the Neogene: A review. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1996, 123, 385–402, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(96)00115-0.
[71]  Cossíos, E.D.; Lucherini, M.; Ruiz-García, M.; Angers, B. Influence of ancient glacial periods on the Andean fauna: The case of the Pampas cat (Leopardus colocolo). BMC Evol. Biol. 2009, 9, 68–79, doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-68.
[72]  Ruiz-García, M.; Pinedo-Castro, M. Population Genetics and Phylogeographic Analyses of the Jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) by Means of Three Mitochondrial Markers: The First Molecular Population Study of This Species. In Molecular Population Genetics, Phylogenetics, Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of the Neotropical Carnivores; Ruiz-Garcia, M., Shostell, J.M., Eds.; Nova Science Publishers: Hauppauge, NY, USA, 2013; pp. 245–288.
[73]  Ruiz-García, M.; Rivas-Sánchez, D.; Lichilín-Ortiz, N. Phylogenetics Relationships among Four Putative Taxa of Foxes of the Pseudoalopex Genus (Canidae, Carnivora) and Molecular Population Genetics of Ps. culpaeus and Ps. sechurae. In Molecular Population Genetics, Phylogenetics, Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of the Neotropical Carnivores; Ruiz-García, M., Shostell, J., Eds.; Nova Science Publishers: Hauppauge, NY, USA, 2013; pp. 97–128.
[74]  Absy, M.L.; Cleff, A.M.; Fournier, M.; Martin, L.; Servant, M.; Sifeine, A.; da Silva, M.F.; Soubies, F.; Suguio, K.; Turc, B.; et al. Mise en evidence de quatre phases d’overture de la f?ret dense dans le Sud-Est de l’Amazone en cours des 60,000 dernières années. Compte Rendeu Academie de Sciences, Serie 2, Paris 1991, 312, 673–678.
[75]  Van Der Hammen, T.; Absy, M.L. Amazonia during the last Glacial. Palaeogegr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1994, 109, 247–261, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(94)90178-3.
[76]  Liu, K.; Colinvaux, A. Forest changes in the Amazon basin during the last glacial maximum. Nature 1985, 318, 556–557, doi:10.1038/318556a0.
[77]  Colinvaux, P.A.; Liu, K. The Late Quaternary Climate of the Western Amazon Basin. In Abrupt Climatic Change; Berger, W., Labegrie, L., Eds.; Riedel: Dordrech, the Netherlands, 1987; pp. 113–122.
[78]  MaCneish, R.S. The Early Man Remains from Pikimachay Cave, Ayacucho Basin, Highland Peru. In Pre-Llano cultures of the Americas: Paradoxes and Possibilities; Humprey, R.L., Standford, D., Eds.; Anthropological Society of Washington: Washington, DC, USA, 1979; pp. 1–47.
[79]  Pereira, S.D.; Chaves, H.A.F.; Coelho, L.G. The little ice age in Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro–Brazil. J. Coast. Res. 2009, 56, 252–256.
[80]  Krützen, M.; Sherwin, W.B.; Berggren, P.; Gales, N. Population structure in an inshore cetacean revealed by microsatellite and mtDNA analysis: Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 2004, 20, 28–47, doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01139.x.
[81]  Natoli, A.; Birkun, A.; Aguilar, A.; Lopez, A.; Hoelzel, A.R. Habitat structure and the dispersal of male and female bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 2005, 272, 1217–1226, doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3076.
[82]  M?ller, L.M.; Wiszniewski, J.; Allen, S.J.; Beheregaray, L.B. Habitat type promotes rapid and extremely localized genetic differentiation in dolphins. Mar. Freshwater Res. 2007, 58, 640–648, doi:10.1071/MF06218.
[83]  Wiszniewsky, J.; Beheregaray, L.B.; Allen, S.J.; M?ller, L.M. Environmental and social influences on the genetic structure of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in South-eastern Australia. Conserv. Genet. 2010, 11, 1405–1419, doi:10.1007/s10592-009-9968-z.
[84]  Waples, R.S. A generalized approach for estimating effective population size from temporal changes in allele frequency. Genetics 1989, 121, 379–391.
[85]  Ruiz-García, M. Genética de Poblaciones: Teoría y aplicación a la conservación de mamíferos neotropicales (Oso andino y delfín rosado). Boletín de la Real Sociedad Espa?ola de Historia Natural 2007, 102, 99–126.

Full-Text

comments powered by Disqus

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133

WeChat 1538708413