How Adolescent Subjective Health and Satisfaction with Weight and Body Shape Are Related to Participation in Sports

Background. Physical exercise has positive effects on health. However, its associations with self-rated health and body image, which are important predictors for adolescents’ wellbeing and later morbidity, are complex. Methods. Cross-sectional survey among 2527 Norwegian adolescents. We examined the relations between self-reported gender, body size, amount and type of exercise and measures of self-rated health, drive for thinness, and desire to change body, with binary logistic regression analyses. Results. Girls and overweight students reported to a greater extent than their peers impaired self-rated health, weight concerns, and desire to change their body. Increasing amount of time spent on sports was related to improved self-rated health in a dose-response manner. Both girls and boys who engaged in individual sports with an advantage of leanness, but only girls engaged in team sports, reported an increased desire to change the body. However, weight concern was not related to amount or type of sports. Conclusions. Physical exercise is positively related to self-reported health but has negative associations with body image for many adolescents. Health promotion efforts should consider this paradox and stimulate physical activity and sports along with body acceptance. 1. Introduction Physical exercise and sports have positive effects on physical and psychological health. Physical activity among adolescents is correlated with increased cardiovascular fitness and bone strength [1, 2] and inversely associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and premenopausal breast cancer [3–6]. The psychological effects of physical activity are associated with reduced depression and reduced risk of hopelessness and suicidality amongst adolescents [7, 8]. Also, when exercise is based on motivational factors such as health, social participation, or stress management, it seems to decrease body dissatisfaction [9]. However, negative effects have also been associated with physical exercise. Extensive exercise is related to body dissatisfaction, especially amongst women with eating pathology [10, 11], and physical activity often results in increased focus and awareness concerning weight and shape [12]. Perceived sociocultural pressure and body dissatisfaction are especially associated with a compelling need to exercise [13]. Self-rated health (SRH) is an individual’s subjective perception of his or her own health status and constitutes an essential predictive indicator for later morbidity, mortality, school-dropout, use of health care services, and social welfare