Studies carried out in tropical rain forest enclaves in semiarid region of Brazil revealed a new species of Calvatia. The basidiomata were collected during the rainy season of 2009 and 2012 in two states of Northeast Brazil. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were based on dried basidiomata with the aid of light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Calvatia nodulata is recognized by its pyriform to turbinate basidiomata, exoperidium granulose to pilose and not persistent, subgleba becoming hollow at maturity, nodulose capillitium, and punctate basidiospores (3–5？μm). Detailed description, taxonomic comments, and illustrations with photographs and drawings are provided. 1. Introduction The genus Calvatia was established by Fries in 1849 and is characterized by globose to pyriform basidiomata, with a subgleba and a dehiscence occurring by irregular fragmentation of the peridium in the upper portion of the basidioma, leaving the gleba exposed (Morgan [1], Coker and Couch [2], and Cunningham [3]). Calvatia species are distributed worldwide but mostly occur in arid, semiarid, and tropical regions (Lange [4]). In this context, the “brejos” are included, the term utilized to refer to tropical rain forest enclaves located in the semiarid Northeast Brazil (Santos et al. [5]). Several studies have attempted to organize the genus (Lange [4], Zeller and Smith [6], Morales and Kimbrough [7], and Martín [8]), and some authors classify Calvatia as a species complex (Kreisel [9–11]). The studies of the molecular phylogeny (Larsson and Jeppson [12], Bates et al. [13]) have not been decisive in the elucidation of the relationship of the monophyly of Calvatia. However, Bates et al. [13] showed one clade of Calvatia s. str. with good support to North American specimens, but these results should not be taken as definitive. In the present paper, we therefore considered the classification based on morphology date in accordance with Calonge and Martín [14]. In Brazil, several mycologists have contributed to the knowledge of this group (Hennings [15], Silveira [16], Rick [17], Baseia [18], Wartchow and Silva [19], Baseia and Calonge [20], Cortez et al. [21], Cortez and Alves [22], and Alves and Cortez [23]). However, there were no records for the genus Calvatia in “brejos.” These areas harbor many endemic species (Joppa et al. [24]), but their biota have not been properly analyzed. Therefore, the aim of this work is to expand the knowledge about the genus Calvatia, describing a new taxon from “brejos” of Northeast Brazil. 2. Materials and Methods Fieldwork was carried
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