Effects of Quinizarin and Five Synthesized Derivatives on Fifth Larval Instar Midgut Ecdysone 20-Monooxygenase Activity of the Tobacco Hornworm Manduca sexta
The plant allelochemical, quinizarin (1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone), and five anthraquinones that were synthesized from quinizarin, namely, 1,4-anthraquinone; 2-hydroxy-1,4-anthraquinone; 2-methoxy-1,4-anthraquinone; 9-hydroxy-1,4-anthraquinone; and 9-methoxy-1,4-anthraquinone, were assessed as to their effects on the essential, P450-dependent ecdysone 20-monooxygenase system of the insect model Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm). This steroid hydroxylase converts the arthropod molting hormone, ecdysone, to the physiologically required 20-hydroxyecdysone form. M. sexta fifth larval instar midgut homogenates were incubated with increasing concentrations (10？8 to 10？3？M) of each of the six anthraquinones followed by ecdysone 20-monooxygenase assessments using a radioenzymological assay. Four of the five anthraquinones exhibited ’s of about to ？M. The most effective inhibitors were 2-methoxy-1,4-anthraquinone and 1,4-anthraquinone followed by 9-hydroxy-1,4 anthraquinone and 9-methoxy-1,4-anthraquinone. At lower concentrations the latter anthraquinone stimulated E20M activity. Quinizarin was less inhibitory and 2-hydroxy-1,4-anthraquinone was essentially without effect. Significantly, these studies make evident for the first time that anthraquinones can affect insect E20M activity, and thus insect endocrine regulation and development, and that a relationship between anthraquinone structure and effectiveness is apparent. These studies represent the first demonstrations of anthraquinones affecting any steroid hydroxylase system. “This paper is dedicated with admiration to the legacy of Dr. Stan L. Smith, without whom this work and studies like it would not have been initiated.” 1. Introduction Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase (E.C. 1.14.99.22, E20M) is the insect cytochrome P450-dependent steroid hydroxylase responsible for the conversion of the arthropod molting hormone ecdysone (E) to its more active metabolite, namely, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) [1, 2]. The nature, regulation, and molecular biology of E20M were elucidated predominantly employing the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, as the model [3–8]. Indeed, the developmental impact of E20M was made evident in midgut tissue of the M. sexta fifth larval instar where E20M activity increases 50-fold between days four and five of the stadium and this increase is inextricably tied to the onset of wandering stage behavior [1, 8, 9]. Moreover, the timing conferred by pulses of 20E was found to be critical to all stages of insect development [1, 10]. The E20M system, therefore, represents a crucial target in terms of
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