Assessment of Common Anaesthetic and Clinical Indices of Multimodal Therapy of Propofol, Xylazine, and Ketamine in Total Intravenous Anaesthesia in West African Dwarf Goat
The assessment of anaesthetic and clinical indices of multimodal therapy of propofol, xylazine, and ketamine was done in West African Dwarf (WAD) goat. Sixteen healthy male WAD goats were assigned into four treatment groups, namely, control (group A) (ketamine 5？mg/kg + xylazine 0.05？mg/kg), group B (propofol 5？mg/kg + xylazine 0.05？mg/kg), group C (propofol 5？mg/kg + ketamine 5？mg/kg), and group D (propofol 2.5？mg/kg + ketamine 2.5？mg/kg + xylazine 0.05？mg/kg). All drugs were administered intravenously. The multimodal therapy decreased significantly () the heart rate in groups A, B, and D. Also respiratory rate significantly () decreased in groups A, B, and D but significantly () increased at 20 min after induction in group C. However, temperature significantly () decreased in groups A, B, and C. The induction was good and smooth in groups B and D. Surgical anaesthetic time was longer in groups B and D and shorter in group C. The quality of recovery was good in groups B and D. Side effects such as salivation and apnoea were observed in all groups. In conclusion, the multimodal therapy could be used successfully. However, group D could be the best combination considering the parameters measured. 1. Introduction Anaesthesia is an indispensible prerequisite for most surgical interventions both in humans and in animals [1]. It is supposed to provide reversible unconsciousness, amnesia/analgesia, muscle relaxation, and immobility with minimal adverse effects, rapid and smooth recovery of protective reflex and psychomotor function [2, 3]. This can be possible through the use of balanced anaesthetic technique as no single drug provides all the components of general anaesthesia. The balanced anaesthetic technique involves combining two or more anaesthetic drugs to achieve the targeted components of general anaesthesia while minimizing the negative effects of individual drugs on cardiopulmonary function [4]. Ketamine produces stable haemodynamics during anaesthesia as a result of its stimulatory effect on the sympathetic nervous system, which counteracts the depressant effects of other drugs used during anaesthesia [5]. It can be used for anesthesia in sheep and goat without the fear of causing convulsion [6]. Muscle relaxation is poor, but it can be improved by sedatives such as diazepam or xylazine [7]. Ketamine and propofol multimodal therapy allows a reduction in the hypnotic dose of propofol and a decrease in the cardiovascular depression induced by this drug [8]. Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a phenolic compound unrelated to any other general
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