This study investigated the viscoelastic and rheometeric properties of PVC stabilized with tannin-Ca complex as totally bio-based thermal stabilizer. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA)
used to characterize the viscoelastic properties of PVC samples obtained by thermal mixing of PVC
with three composition percentages (1.0, 2.0, and 3.0) part per hundred ratios (phr) of tannin-Ca
complex with this polymer. The torque rheometery test used to monitor the effect of tannins derivative
on the thermal stability and mixing properties of PVC formulations during samples
processing. For that purpose, PVC sample with 2 phr commercial thermal stabilizer (Reapak B-NT/
7060) was used for comparison and considered as reference samples. Before the glass transition
temperature of PVC at 30°C - 60°C, the DMTA curves show that the values of storage modulus and
tan delta of PVC samples stabilized with tannin derivative were very similar with those of PVC
sample stabilized with commercial thermal stabilizer. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of
PVC stabilized with commercial thermal stabilizer and with tannin-Ca complex occurred at about
76°C. In a sequence, after the glass transition region of PVC samples, the DMTA scans confirmed
that the PVC samples with 2 phr tannin-Ca complex have relatively longer flowing stage which occurs
at lower temperatures by 18°C per that of PVC sample stabilized with commercial stabilizer.
Global results of the torque rheometery which have suitable plateau stages and the DMTA show
that the processing thermal stability and thermal flexibility of PVC are clearly increased with the
incorporation of tannin-Ca complex. All the PVC formulations with tannins-Ca complex show excellent
viscoelastic properties which were found to be slightly best or much closed to those obtained
for PVC stabilized with commercial thermal stabilization.
References
[1]
McKeen, L.W. (2014) Plastics Used in Medical Devices, Ch. 3. In: Ebnesajjad, S. and Modjarrad, K., Eds., Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices, Elsevier Inc., Oxford, 21-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-22805-3.00003-7
[2]
Smith, V., Magalhaes, S. and Schneider, S. (2013) The Role of PVC Additives in the Potential Formation of NAPLs. AMEC Report AMEC/PPE/2834/001.
[3]
Starnes, W.H. (2002) Structural and Mechanistic Aspects of the Thermal Degradation of Poly(Vinyl Chloride). Progress in Polymer Science, 27, 2133-2170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(02)00063-1
[4]
Tahira, B.E., Khan, M.I., Saeed, R. and Akhwan, S. (2014) Thermal Degradation and Stabilization of Poly(Vinyl Chloride): A Review. International Journal of Research (IJR), 1, 732-750.
[5]
Raqueza, J.M., Deleglise, M., Lacrampea, M.F. and Krawczak, P. (2010) Thermosetting (Bio)materials Derived from Renewable Resources: A Critical Review. Progress in Polymer Science, 35, 487-509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.01.001
[6]
Kaplan, D.L. (1998) Biopolymers from Renewable Resources. Springer, Berlin. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03680-8
[7]
Benyahya, S., Aouf, C., Caillol, S., Boutevin, B., Pascault, J.P. and Fulcrand, H. (2014) Functionalized Green Tea Tannins as Phenolic Prepolymers for Bio-Based Epoxy Resins. Industrial Crops and Products, 53, 296-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.12.045
[8]
Basso, M.C., Li, X.J., Fierro, V., Pizzi, A., Giovando, S. and Celzard, A. (2011) Green, Formaldehyde-Free Foams for Thermal Insulation. Advanced Materials Letters, 2, 378-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2011.4254
[9]
Ramires, E.C. and Frollini, E. (2012) Tannin Phenolic Resin: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application as Matrix in Bio Based Composites Reinforced with Sisal Fibers. Composites Part B: Engineering, 43, 2851-2860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.049
[10]
Anelise, S.N.F., Carla, R.F.V., Matheus, S., Claudia, A.L.C., Maria do, C.V. and Zefa, V.P. (2014) Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity, Total Flavonoids, Tannins and Phenolic Compounds in Psychotria Leaf Extracts. Antioxidants, 3, 745-757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox3040745
[11]
Gunawan, G., Bourdo, S., Saini, V., Biris, A.S. and Viswanathan, T. (2011) Novel Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Nickel/Carbon (Ni/C) Nanocomposite with Tannin as the Carbon Source. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 31, 345-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2011.562339
[12]
Shnawa, H.A., Khalaf, M.N., Jahani, Y. and Taobi, A.A.H. (2015) Efficient Thermal Stabilization of Polyvinyl Chloride with Tannin-Ca Complex as Bio Based Thermal Stabilizer. Materials Sciences and Applications, 6, 360-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msa.2015.65042
[13]
Zhang, S.J., Lin, Y.M., Zhou, H.C., Wei, S.D., Lin, G.H. and Ye, G.F. (2010) Antioxidant Tannins from Stem Bark and Fine Root of Casuarina equisetifolia. Molecules, 15, 5658-5670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules15085658
[14]
Fruto, P., Hervas, G., Giraldez, F.J. and Mantecon, A.R. (2004) Tannins and Ruminant Nutrition: Review. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2, 191-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2004022-73
[15]
Samper, M.D., Fages, E., Fenollar, O., Boronat, T. and Balart, R. (2013) The Potential of Flavonoids as Natural Antioxidants and UV Light Stabilizers for Polypropylene. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 129, 1707-1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.38871
[16]
Grigsby, W.J., Bridson, J.H., Lomas, C. and Frey, H. (2014) Evaluating Modified Tannin Esters as Functional Additives in Polypropylene and Biodegradable Aliphatic Polyester. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 299, 1251- 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.201400051
[17]
Wetton, R.E., Marsh, R.D.L. and Van-de-Velde, J.G. (1991) Theory and Application of Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis. Thermochimica Acta, 175, 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(91)80240-J
[18]
Menard, K.P. (1999) Dynamic Mechanical Analysis: A Practical Introduction. CRC Press LLC, New York. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420049183
[19]
Owen, E.D. (1984) Degradation and Stabilization of PVC. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London and New York. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5618-6
[20]
Luo, Z. and Jiang, J. (2010) Molecular Dynamics and Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulations for the Miscibility of Poly(Ethylene Oxide)/Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Blends. Polymer, 51, 291-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.11.024
[21]
Measuring Mixers for Material Research and Quality Control. Brabender GmbH & Co. KG, Brabender Agencies All over the World, 2012. www.brabender.com
Kim, S. and Kim, H.-J. (2003) Curing Behavior and Viscoelastic Properties of Pine and Wattle Tannin-Based Adhesives Studied by Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis and FT-IR-ATR Spectroscopy. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 17, 1369-1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856103769172797
[24]
Van Melick, H.G.H., Govaert, L.E. and Meijer, H.E.H. (2003) On the Origin of Strain Hardening in Glassy Polymers. Polymer, 44, 2493-2502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00112-5
