Objective. To examine the effects of temperament and character profiles on state and trait depression and anxiety in a Japanese youth population. Method. Japanese university students were solicited for participation in a two-wave study, with assessments performed at Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2), separated by a five-month interval. A total of 184 students completed the Japanese version of the temperament and character inventory (TCI) at T1 and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at T1 and T2. We posited two latent variables, trait depression and anxiety, composed of the T1 and T2 HADS depression and anxiety scores, respectively. We also posited that temperament domain traits would predict character domain traits, and that all the personality traits would be linked to trait depression and anxiety and also predict T2 depression and anxiety. Results. Structural regression modeling showed that (1) only high Novelty Seeking predicted T2 Anxiety score, (2) trait depression and anxiety were linked to high harm avoidance and low self-directedness, and (3) trait depression was linked to high self-transcendence whereas trait anxiety was linked to low reward dependence, persistence, and cooperativeness. Conclusion. The characteristic associations between TCI subscales and depression and anxiety were limited to the trait rather than state aspects of depression and anxiety. 1. Introduction 1.1. Depression and Temperament and Character Domains Since the introduction of the seven-factor model of personality [1] and the temperament and character inventory (TCI) [2], many investigations have examined the links between temperament and character traits of depression and anxiety. Most of these have demonstrated that individuals with depression score higher in harm avoidance (HA) and lower in self-directedness (SD) than those without depression. However, the majority of these reports used a cross-sectional research design [3–17]. Such studies are not free from state effects of depression on the self-report of the TCI. Several studies followed patients with depression before and after they achieved remission. Various investigations have reported increased postremission SD [18, 19], reduced HA [20], or both [21–24]. While in remission, however, patients with depression still showed higher HA [19, 20, 22, 25], lower SD [26, 27], or both [23, 24, 28–30] as compared with normal controls. Changes in HA and SD scores before and after remission suggest that these TCI subscale scores can be influenced by the mood of the subject when filling in the questionnaire. However,
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