Biotechnological Potential of Agro Residues for Economical Production of Thermoalkali-Stable Pectinase by Bacillus pumilus dcsr1 by Solid-State Fermentation and Its Efficacy in the Treatment of Ramie Fibres
The production of a thermostable and highly alkaline pectinase by Bacillus pumilus dcsr1 was optimized in solid-state fermentation (SSF) and the impact of various treatments (chemical, enzymatic, and in combination) on the quality of ramie fibres was investigated. Maximum enzyme titer ( ？Ug？1 DBB) in SSF was attained, when a mixture of agro-residues (sesame oilseed cake, wheat bran, and citrus pectin, 1？:？1？:？0.01) was moistened with mineral salt solution ( 0.92, pH 9.0) at a substrate-to-moistening agent ratio of 1？:？2.5 and inoculated with 25% of 24？h old inoculum, in 144？h at 40°C. Parametric optimization in SSF resulted in 1.7-fold enhancement in the enzyme production as compared to that recorded in unoptimized conditions. A 14.2-fold higher enzyme production was attained in SSF as compared to that in submerged fermentation (SmF). The treatment with the enzyme significantly improved tensile strength and Young’s modulus, reduction in brittleness, redness and yellowness, and increase in the strength and brightness of ramie fibres. 1. Introduction Solid-state fermentation (SSF) takes place in absence or near absence of free flowing water [1] and is of special economic interest for countries having abundant biomass and agro-industrial residues. The solid substrates act as source of carbon, nitrogen, minerals, and growth factors and have the capacity to absorb water in order to meet the growth requirements of microbes. The possibility of using SSF for pectinase production has been shown using different agro-industrial residues such as wheat bran [2–4], apple pomace [5, 6], lemon and orange peel [7–9], sugar cane bagasse [10], tomato pomace [11], and sugar beet pulp [12]. Very few detailed investigations have, however, been conducted on the production of alkaline and thermostable pectinases in SSF using bacterial strains [2, 13–16]. Pectinases optimally active at acidic pH find extensive applications in the extraction, clarification, and liquefaction of fruit juices and wines [17, 18], while alkaline pectinases find applications in textile industry for retting of plant fibres, manufacturing of cotton fabrics, and enzymatic polishing of jute/cotton-blended fabrics, in paper industry to solve the retention problems in mechanical pulp bleaching, in the treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents, and for improving the quality of black tea [15, 19–24]. Ramie (china grass) fibre is considered one of the longest, strongest, and silkiest plant fibres known [25]. The cellulose fibres of ramie are also arranged in bundles parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
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