Multipath propagation is one of the most difficult error sources to compensate in global navigation satellite systems due to its environment-specific nature. In order to gain a better understanding of its impact on the received signal, the establishment of a theoretical performance limit can be of great assistance. In this paper, we derive the Cramer Rao lower bounds (CRLBs), where in one case, the unknown parameter vector corresponds to any of the three multipath signal parameters of carrier phase, code delay, and amplitude, and in the second case, all possible combinations of joint parameter estimation are considered. Furthermore, we study how various channel parameters affect the computed CRLBs, and we use these bounds to compare the performance of three deconvolution methods: least squares, minimum mean square error, and projection onto convex space. In all our simulations, we employ CBOC modulation, which is the one selected for future Galileo E1 signals. 1. Introduction In order for a user to compute their three-dimensional position and to correct the clock offset, the distance between its GNSS receiver and at least four satellites is required. Mass market receivers of code division multiple access- (CDMA-) based positioning compute the unknown distance (also known as pseudorange) by estimating the total code delay. Apart from the propagation delay, the signal undergoes a variety of channel distortions (such as those caused by ionosphere and troposphere layers) which introduce further delays [1]. Multipath propagation is a major source of error in the range measurement, because it can significantly delay the signal and it cannot be mitigated with differential methods due to its site-specific nature [2]. Environments prone to multipath effects are densely built areas or areas with large obstacles, which are typically encountered in metropolitan areas, where the concentration of GNSS users is high. If the receiver does not estimate the multipath delay with sufficient accuracy, then it suffers a degradation in the accuracy of range estimation and an increase in the processing time [3]. The distortion effects of multipath propagation have been known to the GNSS community for long time, and several efforts to mitigate them have taken place. A large portion of these efforts has been focused on the tracking stage of a receiver where fine estimates of the line-of-sight (LOS) code delay and carrier phase are required. One of the most commonly used code tracking structures are the so-called Delay locked loops (DLLs), which belong to the category of feedback
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