Andrews D G, Holton J R, Leovy C B. 1987. Middle Atmosphere Dynamics. San Diego: Academic Press. 489
[7]
Ayarzaguena B, Serrano E. 2009. Monthly characterization of the tropospheric circulation over the Euro-Atlantic area in relation with the timing of stratospheric final warmings. J Clim, 22: 6313-6324
[8]
Baldwin M P, Dunkerton T J. 1999. Propagation of the arctic oscillation from the stratosphere to the troposphere. J Geophys Res, 104: 30937-30946
[9]
Baldwin M P, Dunkerton T J. 2001. Stratospheric harbingers of anomalous weather regimes. Science, 294: 581-584
[10]
Baldwin M P, Stephenson D B, Thompson D W J, et al. 2003. Stratospheric memory and skill of extended-range weather forecasts. Science, 301: 636-640
[11]
Bancala S, Kruger K, Giorgetta M. 2012. The preconditioning of major sudden stratospheric warmings. J Geophys Res, 117: D04101, doi: 10.1029/2011jd016769
[12]
Black R X, Mcdaniel B A. 2007a. Interannual variability in the Southern Hemisphere circulation organized by stratospheric final warming events. J Atmos Sci, 64: 2968-2974
[13]
Black R X, Mcdaniel B A. 2007b. The dynamics of northern hemisphere stratospheric final warming events. J Atmos Sci, 64: 2932-2946
[14]
Black R X, McDaniel B A, Robinson W A. 2006. Stratosphere-troposphere coupling during spring onset. J Clim, 19: 4891-4901
[15]
Cai M, Ren R C. 2006. 40-70 day meridional propagation of global circulation anomalies. Geophys Res Lett, 33: L06818, doi: 10.1029/2005GL025024
[16]
Cai M, Ren R C. 2007. Meridional and downward propagation of atmospheric circulation anomalies. Part I: Northern Hemisphere cold season variability. J Atmos Sci, 64: 1880-1901
[17]
Charlton A J, Polvani L M. 2007. A new look at stratospheric sudden warmings. Part I: Climatology and modeling benchmarks. J Clim, 20: 449-469
[18]
Haigh J D, Roscoe H K. 2009. The final warming date of the Antarctic polar vortex and influences on its interannual variability. J Clim, 22: 5809-5819
[19]
Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, et al. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull Amer Meteor Soc, 77: 437-471
[20]
Kolstad E W, Charlton-Perez A J. 2011. Observed and simulated precursors of stratospheric polar vortex anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere. Clim Dyn, 37: 1443-1456
[21]
Labitzke K. 1977. Interannual Variability of the winter stratosphere in the Northern Hemisphere. Mon Weather Rev, 105: 762-770
[22]
Labitzke K, Naujokat B. 2000. The lower arctic stratosphere in winter since 1952. ECMWF Newsl, 15: 11-14
[23]
Li L, Li C Y, Pan J, et al. 2012. On the differences and climate impacts of early and late stratospheric polar vortex breakup. Adv Atmos Sci, 29: 1119-1128
[24]
Limpasuvan V, Thompson D W J, Hartmann D L. 2004. The life cycle of the Northern Hemisphere sudden stratospheric warmings. J Clim, 17: 2584-2596
[25]
Manney G L, Kruger K, Sabutis J L, et al. 2005. The remarkable 2003-2004 winter and other recent warm winters in the Arctic stratosphere since the late 1990s. J Geophys Res, 110: D04107, doi 10.1029/2004jd005367
[26]
Matsuno T. 1971. A dynamical model of the stratospheric sudden warming. J Atmos Sci, 28: 1479-1494
[27]
Polvani L M, Waugh D W. 2004. Upward wave activity flux as a precursor to extreme stratospheric events and subsequent anomalous surface weather regimes. J Clim, 17: 3548-3554.
[28]
Ren R C, Cai M. 2007. Meridional and vertical out-of-phase relationships of temperature anomalies associated with the Northern Annular Mode variability. Geophys Res Lett, 34: L07704, doi:10.1029/2006GL028729
[29]
Ren R C, Cai M. 2008. Meridional and downward propagation of atmospheric circulation anomalies. Part II: Southern Hemisphere cold season variability. J Atmos Sci, 65: 2343-2359
[30]
Scherhag R. 1952. Die explosionsartigen Stratosph?renerw?rmungen des Sp?twinters 1951-52. Ber Dtsch Wetterdienst, 6: 51-63
[31]
Thompson D W J, Wallace J M. 1998. The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophys Res Lett, 25: 1297-1300
[32]
Thompson D W J, Wallace J M. 2000. Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: Month-to-month variability. J Clim, 13: 1000-1016
[33]
Waugh D W, Rong P P. 2002. Interannual variability in the decay of lower stratospheric Arctic vortices. J Meteorol Soc Jpn, 80: 997-1012
[34]
Waugh D W, Randel W J, Pawson S, et al. 1999. Persistence of the lower stratospheric polar vortices. J Geophys Res, 104: 27191-27201
[35]
Zhou S T, Gelman M E, Miller A J, et al. 2000. An inter-hemisphere comparison of the persistent stratospheric polar vortex. Geophys Res Lett, 27: 1123-1126