Solomon Susan. Climate Change 2007—The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
[2]
Nakawo Masayoshi, Fujita Koji, Ageta Yutaka, et al . Basic studies for assessing the impacts of the global warming on the Himalayan cryosphere, 1994-1996[J]. Bulletin of Glacier Research, 1997,(15): 53-58.
[3]
He Yong, Wu Yongfeng, Liu Qiufeng. Vulnerability assessment of areas affected by Chinese cryospheric changes in future climate change scenarios[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2012, 57(36): 4 784-4 790.
[4]
Humbert Angelika. Cryospheric science: Vulnerable ice in the Weddell Sea[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2012,5(6):370-371.
[5]
Overduin P P, Westermann S, Yoshikawa K, et al . Geoelectric observations of the degradation of nearshore submarine permafrost at Barrow (Alaskan Beaufort Sea)[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface(2003-2012), 2012, 117(F2):F02004,doi:10.129/2011JF002088.
[6]
Zhang Tingjun. Progress in global permafrost and climate change studies[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2012, 32(1): 27-38.[张廷军. 全球多年冻土与气候变化研究进展[J]. 第四纪研究, 2012, 32(1): 27-38.]
Wu Qingbai, Liu Yongzhi. Ground temperature monitoring and its recent change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2004, 38(2): 85-92.
[9]
Charles H, Arenson L U, Christiansen H, et al . Permafrost and climate in Europe: Monitoring and modelling thermal, geomorphological and geotechnical responses[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2009, 92(3): 117-171.
[10]
Wu Qingbai, Zhang Tingjun, Liu Yongzhi. Permafrost temperatures and thickness on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2010, 72(1): 32-38.
[11]
Yang Meixue, Nelson Frederick E, Shiklomanov N I, et al . Permafrost degradation and its environmental effects on the Tibetan Plateau: A review of recent research[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2010, 103(1): 31-44.
[12]
Cheng Guodong, Wu Tonghua. Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2007, 112(F2): F02S3,doi:10.1029/2006JF000631.
[13]
Rowland J C, Jones C E, Altmann G, et al . Arctic landscapes in transition: Responses to thawing permafrost[J]. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2010, 91(26): 229-230.
[14]
Schuur Edward A G, Vogel Jason G, Crummer Kathryn G, et al . The effect of permafrost thaw on old carbon release and net carbon exchange from tundra[J]. Nature, 2009, 459(7 246): 556-559.
[15]
Schaefer K, Zhang Tingjun, Bruhwiler Lon, et al . Amount and timing of permafrost carbon release in response to climate warming[J]. Tellus Series B—Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 2011, 63(2): 165-180.
[16]
DeConto Robert M, Galeotti Simone, Pagani Mark, et al . Past extreme warming events linked to massive carbon release from thawing permafrost[J]. Nature, 2012, 484(7 392): 87-91.
[17]
Hartman Charles W, Johnson Philip R. Environmental Atlas of Alaska[M]. Washington: University of Washington Press, 1984.
[18]
Sturm Matthew, Holmgren J, Liston G E. A seasonal snow cover classi-cation system for local to global applications[J]. Journal of Climate, 1995, 8(5): 1 261-1 283.
[19]
Frauenfeld Oliver W, Zhang Tingjun, Mccreight James L. Northern hemisphere freezing/thawing index variations over the twentieth century[J]. International Journal of Climatology, 2007, 27(1): 47-63.
[20]
Nelson Frederick E, Outcalt Samuel I. A computational method for prediction and regionalization of permafrost[J]. Arctic and Alpine Research, 1987,19(3): 279-288.
[21]
Steurer P M, Crandell J H. Comparison of methods used to create estimate of air-freezing index[J]. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 1995, 9(2): 64-74.
[22]
Steurer P. Probability distributions used in 100-year return period of air-freezing index[J]. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 1996, 10(1): 25-35.
[23]
Zhang Tingjun, Frauenfeld Oliver, Mccreight J, et al . Northern Hemisphere EASE-Grid Annual Freezing and Thawing Indices, 1901-2002[EB/OL]. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology.[2015-03-03].http://nsidc.org/data/GGD649.
[24]
Jiang Fengqing, Hu Ruji, Li Zhen. Variation trends of the freezing and thawing index along the Qinghai-Xizang Railway for the period 1966-2004[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(9): 935-945.[姜逢清,胡汝骥,李珍. 青藏铁路沿线1966-2004年冻结与融化指数的变化趋势[J]. 地理学报, 2007, 62(9): 935-945.]
[25]
Zhao Hongyan, Jiang Hao, Wang Keli, et al . The surface thawing-freezing indexs along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway:Analysis and calculation[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2008, 30(4): 617-622.[赵红岩, 江灏 ,王可丽, 等. 青藏铁路沿线地表融冻指数的计算分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2008, 30(4): 617-622.]
[26]
Jiang Hao, Wang Dayong, Cheng Guodong, et al . A prediction for temperature and thawing-freezing index of roadbed along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2008, 30(5): 855-859.[江灏, 王大勇, 程国栋, 等. 青藏铁路路基表面温度及融冻指数预测[J]. 冰川冻土, 2008, 30(5): 855-859.]
[27]
Wang Genxu, Cheng Guodong. Land desertification statusand developing trend in the Heihe River Basin[J]. Journal of Desert Research,1999, (4):368-375.[王根绪,程国栋. 黑河流域土地荒漠化及其变化趋势[J]. 中国沙漠, 1999, (4):368-375.]
[28]
Wang Qingfeng, Zhang Tingjun, Wu Jichun, et al . Investigation on permafrost distribution over the upper rechaes of Heihe River in the Qilian Mountains[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2013, 35(1): 19-29.[王庆峰, 张廷军, 吴吉春, 等. 祁连山区黑河上游多年冻土分布考察[J]. 冰川冻土, 2013, 35(1): 19-29.]
[29]
Peng Xiaoqing, Zhang Tingjun, Pan Xiaoduo, et al . Spatial and temporal variations of seasonally frozen ground over the Heihe River Basin of Qilian Mountain in Western China[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2013, 28(4): 497-508.[彭小清, 张廷军, 潘小多, 等. 祁连山区黑河流域季节冻土时空变化研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2013, 28(4): 497-508.]
[30]
Li Zhanling, Xu Zongxue. Detection of change points in temperature and precipitation time series in the Heihe River Basin over the past 50 years[J]. Resources Science, 2011, 33(10):1 877-1 882.[李占玲, 徐宗学. 近50年来黑河流域气温和降水量突变特征分析[J]. 资源科学, 2011, 33(10):1 877-1 882.]
[31]
Zhang Kai, Wang Runyuan, Han Haitao, et al . Hydrological and water resources effects under climate change in Heihe River Basin[J]. Resources Science, 2007, 29(1):77-83.[张凯, 王润元, 韩海涛, 等. 黑河流域气候变化的水文水资源效应[J]. 资源科学, 2007, 29(1):77-83.]
[32]
Li Changbin, Li Wenyan, Wang Xiongshi, et al . Characteristic changes in air temperature, precipitation and mountain runoff in the past 50 years in the middle and western reaches of Heihe River Basin[J]. Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences), 2011, 47(4):7-12.[李常斌,李文艳,王雄师, 等. 黑河流域中、西部水系近50年来气温 降水 径流变化特征[J]. 兰州大学学报:自然科学版, 2011, 47(4):7-12.]
[33]
Li Haiyan, Wang Keli, Jiang Hao, et al . Study of the preciption in the Heihe River Basin: Progress and prospect[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Cryology, 2009,31(2):334-341.[李海燕, 王可丽, 江灏, 等. 黑河流域降水的研究进展与展望[J]. 冰川冻土, 2009, 31(2):334-341.]
[34]
Ma Ning, Wang Naiang, Wang Penglong, et al . Temporal and spatial variation characteristics and quantification of the affect factors for reference evapotranspiration in Heihe River Basin[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2012, 27(6): 975-989.[马宁, 王乃昂, 王鹏龙, 等. 黑河流域参考蒸散量的时空变化特征及影响因素的定量分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 2012, 27(6): 975-989.]
[35]
Kerkering J. Mapping Past and Future Permafrost Extent on the North Slope Borough, Alaska[D].Durham: Duke University, 2008.
[36]
Mu Cuicui, Zhang Tingjun, Cao Bin, et al . Study of the organic carbon storage in the active layer of permafrost over the Eboling Mountain in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin in the Easternd Qilian Mountains[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2013, 35(1): 1-9.[牟翠翠, 张廷军, 曹斌, 等. 祁连山区黑河上游俄博岭多年冻土区活动层碳储量研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2013, 35(1): 1-9.]
[37]
Frauenfeld O W, Davis R E. Northern hemisphere circumpolar vortex trends and climate change implications[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2003, 108(D14): 4 423.