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覆膜和施肥对玉米产量和土壤温度、硝态氮分布的影响

DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2015.0407, PP. 884-897

Keywords: 玉米,覆膜,土壤温度,硝态氮含量,产量

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Abstract:

【目的】采用垄沟覆膜栽培技术,研究了西北黄土塬区不同施肥及覆膜处理对玉米(ZeamaysL.)产量、土壤温度和土壤硝态氮分布的影响,为粮食安全和农业可持续发展提供依据。【方法】研究采用覆膜和施肥田间试验,小区试验设置了6个处理,1)对照不覆膜,不施肥;2)覆膜不施肥;3)不覆膜基施N80kg/hm2、P2O580kg/hm2,无追肥;4)覆膜基施纯N80kg/hm2、P2O580kg/hm2,无追肥;5)不覆膜基施N80kg/hm2、P2O580kg/hm2,追施N80kg/hm2;6)覆膜基施N80kg/hm2、P2O580kg/hm2,追施N80kg/hm2。【结果】1)覆膜对前期土壤温度的影响大于后期,在7月前,覆膜处理0—20cm土壤温度平均增加2.3℃,对玉米的发芽和早期生长有良好的促进作用,7月后,覆膜处理对土壤温度增加的平均值为1.2℃。在6月中旬以前,施肥处理的土壤温度略高于不施肥处理;6月中旬以后差异减小,施肥处理对土壤温度的影响不明显。2)播种后一个月,施肥处理土壤硝态氮主要聚集在0—30cm土层,以主根为中心,纵向近似对称分布,在根系下方40cm处,形成一个孤岛,施肥处理是不施肥处理的1.65倍;播种后两个月,表层土壤硝态氮含量下降至30.77~48.67mg/kg。覆膜处理在施肥初期有减缓硝态氮向下层迁移速度的作用,影响范围为0—80cm深。3)水分利用效率(WUE)与施肥量呈正相关,最高为2.09kg/m3。在相同施肥处理下,覆膜明显提高WUE,施基肥处理,覆膜比不覆膜的WUE提高12.8%~19.5%;施基肥和追肥处理,覆膜比不覆膜的WUE提高20.3%~27.4%。4)百粒重、穗粒重与产量呈正相关关系,产量提高是百粒重和穗粒重增加的直接结果,施肥和覆膜对百粒重和穗粒重的提高效果明显。覆膜在施肥处理下的增产效果显著,连续三年,施基肥处理下,覆膜处理增产10.61%、9.48%和15.36%;施基肥和追肥处理下,覆膜增产16.61%、20.94%和12.24%。【结论】施肥和覆膜处理比不施肥不覆膜处理产量增加23.42%~83.23%。综合考虑覆膜和施肥对土壤温度、土壤硝态氮含量和水分利用效率的影响,本试验推荐采用垄沟覆膜栽培技术,氮肥基肥和追肥各施N80kg/hm2。

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