1 Deines P. The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon. In:Fritz P, Fontes J C eds. Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry(Volume 1). Amsterdam:Elsevier, 1980. 329~406
[2]
2 Ehleringer J R. Implications of quantum yield differences on the distributions of C3 and C4 grasses. Oecologia, 1978, 31 (3):255~267
[3]
3 Ehleringe J R, Pearcy R W. Variation in quantum yields for CO2 uptake among C3 and C4 plants. Plant Physiology, 1983, 73 (3):555~559
[4]
4 Teeri J A, Stowe L G, Livingstone D A. The distribution of C4 species of the Cyperaceae in North America in relation to climate. Oecologia, 1980, 47 (3):307~310
[5]
5 Schulze E D, Ellis R, Schulze W. Diversity, metabolic types and δ 13 C carbon isotope ratios in the grass flora of Namibia in relation to growth form, precipitation and habitat conditions. Oecologia, 1996, 106 (3):352~369
[6]
6 Ehleringer J R, Cerling T E, Helliker B R. C4 photosynthesis, atmospheric CO2 and climate. Oecologia, 1997, 112 (3):255~299
[7]
7 Maherali H, Reid C D, Polley H W et al. Stomatal acclimation over a subambient to elevated CO2 gradient in a C3/C4 grassland. Plant, Cell & Environment, 2002, 25 (4), 557~566
[8]
8 Chuluun T, Tieszen L L, Ojima D. Land use impact on C4 plant cover of temperate East Asian grasslands. In:Otsubo K, Tsuboi K, Hiromoto M eds. Proceedings of 1999 NIES Workshop on Information Bases and Modeling for Land-use and Land-cover Changes in East Asia, Tsukuba, 1999. 103~109
[9]
9 Vladimir I Pyonkov, Peter D Gunin, Shagadar Tsoog. C4 plants in the vegetation of Mongolia:Their natural occurrence and geographical distribution in relation to climate. Oecologia, 2000, 123 (1), 15~31
[10]
10 李嘉竹, 王国安, 刘贤赵等. 贡嘎山东坡C3植物碳同位素组成及C4植物分布沿海拔高度的变化. 中国科学(D辑), 2009, 39 (10):1387~1396 Li Jiazhu, Wang Guo''an, Liu Xianzhao et al. Variations in carbon isotope ratios of C3 plants and distribution of C4 plants along an altitudinal transect on the eastern slope of Mount Gongga. Science in China(Series D), 2009, 39 (10):1387~1396
[11]
11 刘东生等. 黄土与环境. 北京: 科学出版社, 1985. 44~106 Liu Tungsheng et al. Loess and Environment. Beijing:Science Press, 1985. 44~106
[12]
12 An Z S, Kukla G J, Porter S C et al. Magnetic susceptibility evidence of monsoon variation on the Loess Plateau of Central China during the last 130000 years. Quaternary Research, 1991, 36 (1):9~36
[13]
13 An Z S, Kutzbach J E, Prell W L et al. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau since Late Miocene times. Nature, 2001, 411 (6833):62~66
[14]
14 Guo Z T, Ruddiman W F, Hao Q Z et al. Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China. Nature, 2002, 416 (6877):159~163
[15]
15 Heller F, Liu T S. Palaeoclimatic and sedimentary history from magnetic susceptibility of loess in China. Geophysical Research Letters, 1986, 13 (11):1169~1172
[16]
16 赵得爱, 吴海斌, 吴建育等. 过去典型增温期黄土高原东西部C3/C4植物组成变化特征. 第四纪研究, 2013, 33 (5):848~855 Zhao De''ai, Wu Haibin, Wu Jianyu et al. C3/C4 plants characteristics of the eastern and western parts of the Chinese Loess Plateau during Mid-Holocene and last interglacial. Quaternary Sciences, 2013, 33 (5):848~855
[17]
17 谢巧勤, 陈天虎, 徐晓春等. 西峰黄土-红粘土序列有机质记录及其对磁化率古气候意义启示. 第四纪研究, 2012, 32 (4):709~718 Xie Qiaoqin, Chen Tianhu, Xu Xiaochun et al. Organic matter record of Xifeng eolian deposits and its decipherment for the paleoclimatic proxy of magnetic susceptibility of the loess-red clay sequences in Chinese Loess Plateau. Quaternary Sciences, 2012, 32 (4):709~718
[18]
18 赵辉, 强小科, 敖红等. 黄土高原西部红粘土岩石磁学性质及其指示的亚洲内陆中中新世气候变化特征. 第四纪研究, 2012, 32 (4):690~699 Zhao Hui, Qiang Xiaoke, Ao Hong et al. Mid-Miocene climate in the Asian interior, based on the mineral-magnetic record of the red clay sequence on the western Chinese Loess Plateau. Quaternary Sciences, 2012, 32 (4):690~699
[19]
28 Cayet C, Lichtfouse E. δ 13 C of plant-derived n-alkanes in soil particle-size fractions. Organic Geochemistry, 2001, 32 (2):253~258
[20]
29 张瑜, 熊尚发, 丁仲礼等. 中新世以来六盘山邻区黄土-红粘土成土碳酸盐碳氧同位素记录及其对C4植物早期扩张的指示. 第四纪研究, 2011, 31 (5):800~811 Zhang Yu, Xiong Shangfa, Ding Zhongli et al. Carbon-oxygen isotope records of pedogenic carbonate from the Early Miocene-Pleistocene loess-red clay in the vicinity of the Liupanshan region and its implications for the early origin of C4 plants in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Quaternary Sciences, 2011, 31 (5):800~811
[21]
30 饶志国, 张晓, 薛骞等. 西峰红粘土/黄土剖面有机碳同位素研究的初步结果. 第四纪研究, 2012, 32 (4):825~827 Rao Zhiguo, Zhang Xiao, Xue Qian et al. Primary organic carbon isotopic study result of Xifeng loess/red clay profile. Quaternary Sciences, 2012, 32 (4):825~827
[22]
31 张晓, 贾鑫, 饶志国等. 陇西黄土高原东南部地区末次冰期以来C3/C4植物相对丰度变化及其区域性剖面的对比研究. 第四纪研究, 2013, 33 (1):187~196 Zhang Xiao, Jia Xin, Rao Zhiguo et al. C3/C4 variation since the Last Glacial in the southeastern Longxi Loess Plateau and its comparison with other results. Quaternary Sciences, 2013, 33 (1):187~196
[23]
32 刘卫国, 宁有丰, 安芷生等. 黄土高原现代土壤和古土壤有机碳同位素对植被的响应. 中国科学(D辑), 2002, 32 (10):830~836 Liu Weiguo, Ning Youfeng, An Zhisheng et al. Carbon isotopic composition of modern soil and paleosol as a response to vegetation change on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Science in China (Series D), 2002, 32 (10):830~836
[24]
33 王国安, 韩家懋, 刘东生. 中国北方黄土区C-3草本植物碳同位素组成研究. 中国科学(D辑), 2003, 33 (6):550~556 Wang Guo''an, Han Jiamao, Liu Tungsheng. Research on isotopic composition of C-3 herb plants in North China loess area. Science in China (Series D), 2003, 33 (6):550~556
[25]
36 刘恋, 周鑫, 于严严等. 黄土高原自然植被的土壤有机碳同位素证据. 第四纪研究, 2011, 31 (3):506~513 Liu Lian, Zhou Xin, Yu Yanyan et al. The natural vegetations on the Chinese Loess Plateau:The evidence of soil organic carbon isotope. Quaternary Sciences, 2011, 31 (3):506~513
[26]
37 张普, 刘卫国, 鹿化煜等. 洛南黄土有机碳同位素组成及其与洛川、 西峰黄土对比. 第四纪研究, 2009, 29 (1):34~42 Zhang Pu, Liu Weiguo, Lu Huayu et al. Organic carbon isotope composition of Luonan loess compared with that of Luochuan and Xifeng loess. Quaternary Sciences, 2009, 29 (1):34~42
[27]
38 Paruelo J M, Lauenroth W K. Relative abundance of plant functional types in grasslands and shrub lands of North America. Ecological Applications, 1996, 6 (4):1212~1224
[28]
39 Tieszen L L, Reed B C, Bliss N B et al. NDVI, C3 and C4 production, and distribution in Great Plains grassland land cover classes. Ecological Applications, 1997, 7 (1):59~78
[29]
40 Epstein H E, Lauenroth W K, Burke I C et al. Productivity patterns of C3 and C4 functional types in the US Great Plains. Ecology, 1997, 78 (3):722~731
[30]
41 Phillips S B, Raun W R, Johnson G V. Plant and soil responses to source, rate, and timing of applied N for plains bluestem production. Journal of Production Agriculture, 1999, 12 (2):254~257
[31]
42 Tietze W Dr, Domr？s M. The climate of China. GeoJournal, 1987, 14 (2):265~266
[32]
43 陈英勇, 鹿化煜, 张恩楼等. 浑善达克沙地地表沉积物有机碳同位素组成与植被-气候的关系. 第四纪研究, 2013, 33 (2):351~359 Chen Yingyong, Lu Huayu, Zhang Enlou et al. The relationship between organic carbon isotopic composition of surface sediment and vegetation-climate in Otindag dune field, North China. Quaternary Sciences, 2013, 33 (2):351~359
[33]
44 张信宝, 安芷生, 陈玉德. 半干旱区植被恢复与岩土性质. 地理学报, 1998, 53 (6):134~139 Zhang Xinbao, An Zhisheng, Chen Yude. Revegetation and lithological composition in semiarid regions. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1998, 53 (6):134~139
[34]
19 赵国永, 刘秀铭, 吕镔等. 全新世黄土记录的古气候演化及磁化率和粒度参数灵敏性探讨. 第四纪研究, 2012, 32 (4):777~784 Zhao Guoyong, Liu Xiuming, Lü Bin et al. The paleoclimatic evolution recorded by Holocene loess and discussing on the parameter sensitivity of magnetic susceptibility and medium particle diameter. Quaternary Sciences, 2012, 32 (4):777~784
[35]
20 李冠华, 夏敦胜, 温仰磊等. 天山北麓典型黄土沉积序列的磁学特征及主控因子初探. 第四纪研究, 2013, 33 (5):900~910 Li Guanhua, Xia Dunsheng, Wen Yanglei et al. Rock magnetism of the loess/paleosol sequences in north of the Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China. Quaternary Sciences, 2013, 33 (5):900~910
[36]
21 Lin Benhai, Liu Rongmo, An Zhengsheng. Preliminary research on stable isotopic compositions of Chinese loess, In:Liu Tungsheng, Ding Zhongli, Guo Zhengtang eds. Loess, Environment and Global Change. Beijing:Science Press, 1991. 124~131
[37]
22 Frakes L A, Sun J Z. A carbon isotope record of the upper Chinese loess sequence:Estimates of plant types during stadials and interstadials. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1994, 108 (1):183~189
[38]
23 Yang Shiling, Ding Zhongli, Gu Zhaoyan et al. Pedogenic carbonate isotope record of vegetational evolution since Late Miocene in Loess Plateau. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1999, 44 (11):1034~1038
[39]
24 Jiang Wenying, Peng Shuzhen, Hao Qingzhen et al. Carbon isotopic records in paleosols over the Pliocene in Northern China:Implication on vegetation development and Tibetan uplift. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2002, 47 (8):687~690
[40]
25 Liu W G, Huang Y S, An Z S et al. Summer monsoon intensity controls C4/C3 plant abundance during the last 35ka in the Chinese Loess Plateau:Carbon isotope evidence from bulk organic matter and individual leaf waxes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2005, 220 (3):243~254
[41]
26 An Z S, Huang Y S, Liu W G et al. Multiple expansions of C4 plant biomass in East Asia since 7Ma coupled with strengthened monsoon circulation. Geology, 2005, 33 (9):705~708
[42]
27 Ning Y F, Liu W G, An Z S. A 130-ka reconstruction of precipitation on the Chinese Loess Plateau from organic carbon isotopes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2008, 270 (1):59~63
[43]
34 Liu W G, Feng X H, Ning Y F et al.δ 13 C variation of C3 and C4 plants across an Asian monsoon rainfall gradient in arid Northwestern China. Global Change Biology, 2005, 11 (7):1094~1100
[44]
35 饶志国, 陈发虎, 曹洁等. 黄土高原西部地区末次冰期和全新世有机碳同位素变化与C3/C4植被类型转换研究. 第四纪研究, 2005, 25 (1):107~114 Rao Zhiguo, Chen Fahu, Cao Jie et al. Variation of soil organic carbon isotope and C3/C4 vegetation type transition in the western Loess Plateau during the last glacial and Holocene periods. Quaternary Sciences, 2005, 25 (1):107~114
