Tremor is considered as the most common faced abnormal involuntary movement disorder and the source of functional disability. Parkinson disease (PD) is a slowly progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system caused by the lack in the level of dopamine. Levodopa is the most effective dopaminergic medication used to manage Parkinson symptoms. However, it will be the source of the motor fluctuation after several years. An uncommon type of medication is suggested to suppress the resting tremor of PD patients. In this paper, a vibration absorber is used as a mechanical treatment and designed to reduce critical angular displacement amplitude at the resonance frequency. Human hand is modeled dynamically at the musculoskeletal level to reflect Parkinsonism. Motion is considered due to shoulder, elbow, Biceps brachii and wrist muscles activation. Absorber’s geometry, materials properties and parameters are well chosen to satisfy the tuning condition. The solution to the equation of motion for the hand is shown in the frequency and time domains to check the performance of the absorber in reducing the flexion angular motion at the wrist joint. Results show that the absorber was very effective over a good frequency bandwidth. It was able to reduce 93% of tremors amplitude at the wrist joint in the frequency domain. This type of absorber has low cost, can operate without power requirements, and has a simple design. Since its effectiveness was proved when tested numerically, it is recommended to proceed to the manufacturing process and the experimental study.
References
[1]
Parkinson, J. (1817) The Shaking Palsy. Sherwood, Neely and Jones, London.
[2]
McDowell, F.H. and Cedarbaum, J.M. (1993) The Extrapyramidal System and Disorders of Movement. Clinical Neurology, 3, 57-59.
[3]
Deuschl, G., Bain, P. and Brin, M. (1998) Consensus Statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. Movement Disorders, 13, 2-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870131303
[4]
Elble, R.J. and Koller, W.C. (1990) Unusual Forms of Tremor. Tremor, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 154-157.
[5]
Hussein, M., As’arry, A., Zain, M.M., Mailah, M. and Abdullah, M.Y. (2009) Experimental study of Human Hand-Arm Model Response. Mechatronics and Its Applications. ISMA'09. 6th International Symposium, 1-6.
[6]
Kazi, S., As’arry, A., Zain, M.M., Mailah, M. and Hussein, M. (2010) Experimental Implementation of Smart Glove Incorporating Piezoelectric Actuator for Hand Tremor Control. WSEAS Transactions on Systems and Control, 5, 443-453.
[7]
O’Suilleabhain, P.E. and Matsumoto, J.Y. (1998) Time-Frequency Analysis of Tremors. Brain, 121, 2127-2134. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.11.2127
[8]
Kowal, S.L., Dall, T.M., Chakrabarti, R., Storm, M.V. and Jain, A. (2013) The Current and Projected Economic Burden of Parkinson’s Disease in the United States. Movement Disorders, 28, 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25292
[9]
Morrison, S., Kerr, G. and Silburn, P. (2008) Bilateral Tremor Relations in Parkinson’s Disease: Effects of Mechanical Coupling and Medication. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 14, 298-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.09.004
[10]
Zhang, D., Poignet, P., Widjaja, F. and Ang, W.T. (2011) Neural Oscillator Based Control for Pathological Tremor Suppression via Functional Electrical Stimulation. Control Engineering Practice, 19, 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2010.08.009
[11]
Bó, A., Poignet, P., Zhang, D. and Ang, W.T. (2009) FES-Controlled Co-Contraction Strategies for Pathological Tremor Compensation. In 2009 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 1633-1638. https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2009.5354397
[12]
Grimaldi, G. and Manto, M. (2008) Tremor: From Pathogenesis to Treatment. Synthesis Lectures on Biomedical Engineering, 3, 1-212.
https://doi.org/10.2200/S00129ED1V01Y200807BME020
[13]
Seireg, A. and Arvikar, R.J. (1973) A Mathematical Model for Evaluation of Forces in Lower Extremeties of the Musculo-Skeletal System. Journal of biomechanics, 6, 313IN19323-322IN20326. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(73)90053-5
[14]
Chao, E.Y. and An, K.N. (1978) Determination of Internal Forces in Human Hand. ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 104, 255-272.
[15]
Zajac, F.E. and Gordon, M.E. (1989) Determining Muscle’s Force and Action in Multi-Articular Movement. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 17, 187-230.
[16]
Hashemi, S.M., Golnaraghi, M.F. and Patla, A.E. (2004) Tuned Vibration Absorber for Suppression of Rest Tremor in Parkinson’s Disease. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 42, 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02351012
[17]
Yao, P., Zhang, D. and Hayashibe, M. (2012) Simulation of Tremor on 3-Dimentional Musculoskeletal Model of Wrist Joint and Experimental Verification. 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 4823-4826.
[18]
Drillis, R., Contini, R. and Bluestein, M. (1964) Body Segment Parameters. Artificial Limbs, 8, 44-66.
[19]
Cnockaert, J.C., Lensel, G. and Pertuzon, E. (1975) Relative Contribution of Individual Muscles to the Isometric Contraction of a Muscular Group. Journal of Biomechanics, 8, 191-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(75)90024-X
[20]
Wright, V. and Johns, R.J. (1960) Physical Factors Concerned with the Stiffness of Normal and Diseased Joints. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 106, 215-231.
[21]
Deuschl, G., Raethjen, J., Lindemann, M. and Krack, P. (2001) The Pathophysiology of Tremor. Muscle & Nerve, 24, 716-735. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.1063
[22]
Lan, N. (1997) Analysis of an Optimal Control Model of Multi-Joint Arm Movements. Biological Cybernetics, 76, 107-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004220050325
[23]
Maia, N.M. and e Silva, J.M. (1997) Theoretical and Experimental Modal Analysis. Research Studies Press, Baldock.
[24]
Gebai, S., Hammoud, M., Hallal, A. and AL Shaer, A. (2016) Structural Control and Biomechanical Tremor Suppression: Comparison between Different Types of Passive Absorber. Journal of Vibration and Control, in Press.
[25]
Gebai, S., Hammoud, M. and Khachfe, H. (2016) Using a Dual Vibration Absorber to Suppress Rest Hand Tremor of Elderly. The Fifth International Conference on Global Health Challenges, GLOBAL HEALTH 2016, Venice, 9-13 October 2016.
[26]
Gebai, S., Hammoud, M., Hallal, A. and Khachfe, H. (2016) Tremor Reduction at the Palm of a Parkinson’s Patient Using Dynamic Vibration Absorber. Bioengineering, 3, 18.
https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering3030018
[27]
Gebai, S., Hammoud, M., Hallal, A., AL Shaer, A. and Khachfe, H. (2016) Biomechanical Treatment for Rest Tremor of Parkinson’s Patient. IEEE International Multidisciplinary Conference on Engineering Technology, IMCET’16, Beirut, 2-4 November 2016.
[28]
Gebai, S. and Hammoud, M. (2016) Reduction of Parkinsonism Disorder Symptoms Using Passive Dual Absorbers. Third Middle East Conference on Biomedical Engineering, MECBME’16, Beirut, 6-7 October 2016, 88-91.
https://doi.org/10.1109/mecbme.2016.7745415
[29]
Gebai, S., Hammoud, M., Shaito, A. and Hallal, A. (2016) A Novel Design of Tuned Vibration Absorber for Tremor in Hand of Parkinsonian Patients. Master Thesis, Lebanese International University, Beqaa Valley.
[30]
Gebai, S., Hammoud, M., Hallal, A., Al Shaer, A. and Khachfe, H. (2016) Passive Vibration Absorber for Tremor in Hand of Parkinsonian Patients. 3rd International Conference on Advances in Computational Tools for Engineering Applications, ACTEA2016, Beirut, 13-15 July 2016, 167-172.
Jeffcott, H.H. (1918) The Periods of Lateral Vibration of Loaded Shafts. The Rational Derivation of Dunkerley’s Empirical Rule for Determining Whirling Speeds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, 95, 106-115. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1918.0052
[33]
Hirsch, G. and Bachmann, H. (1995) Wind-Induced Vibrations. In: Vibration Problems in Structures, Birkh?user, Basel, 73-112.
