Aim of this research is to explore the relation of hunting with aggressiveness. For this purpose, two samples of prison inmates (who were students of the prison secondary school) were collected (class A = 23, class B = 12). The network indicators for superficial, idiosyncratic and strategic behavior (particularly, aggressiveness), applied in Bekiari and Hasanagas (2016), which were based on the primary network variables (outdegree, indegree, Katz status, pagerank, authority) were used. Non-network variables were also used for the criminal profile of the inmates. The data were sampled with questionnaire. Spearman test was conducted for detecting correlation between aggressiveness and hunting and Principal Component Analysis was used for formulating a typology. The following results were produced: The criminal profile seems hardly to be related with hunting experience or attitude. The relation of hunting experience and attitude with the superficial, idiosyncratic and strategic aggressiveness was examined. These three occasions of aggressiveness are expected to describe the incidental reaction, impulsive and adaptive reaction, respectively. The hunting is quite irrelevant to the incidental reaction. The impulsiveness seems to be more strongly correlated with hunting. In case of adaptiveness, there are many similarities with impulsiveness. The typology which is based on the existence (or not) of hunting experience seems to be more insightful, as it reveals a gradual involvement of aggressiveness dimensions, from incidentality to impulsiveness and further to adaptiveness. The following behavioral patterns of gradually enhanced aggressiveness appear: incidentally just provoking, impulsively being aggressive but without harming, and adaptively being aggressive and harming.
References
[1]
Anderson, C.M. and Martin, M.M. (1995) Why Employees Speak to Coworkers and Bosses: Motives, Gender, and Organizational Satisfaction. Journal of Business Communication, 32, 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1177/002194369503200303
[2]
Bekiari, A. and Sakellariou, K. (2003) Perceived Instructor Verbal Aggressiveness and Student State Learning in Physical Education. Italian Journal of Sport Sciences, 1, 251-256.
[3]
Bekiari, A. and Manoli, P. (2016) EFL Teacher Verbal Aggressiveness and Argumentativeness and Student Socio-Affective Strategy Use and Affective Learning: Exploring Possible Associations. Journal of Teacher Education and Educators, 5, 154-171.
[4]
Infante, D.A., Myers, S.A. and Buerkel, R.A. (1994) Argument and Verbal Aggression in Constructive and Destructive Family and Organizational Disagreements. Western Journal of Communication, 58, 73-84.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10570319409374488
[5]
Infante, D.A. and Rancer, A.S. (1996) Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness: A Review of Recent Theory and Research. Communication Yearbook, 19, 319-352.
[6]
Infante, D.A. and Wigley III, C.J. (1986) Verbal Aggressiveness: An Interpersonal Model and Measure. Communications Monographs, 53, 61-69.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758609376126
[7]
Manoli, P. and Bekiari, A. (2015) EFL Teachers’ Verbal Aggressiveness and Students’ Intrinsic Motivation and Social-Affective Strategy Use: Investigating Possible Relations. Advances in Research, 5, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.9734/AIR/2015/19692
[8]
Rancer, A.S. and Avtgis, T.A. (2014) Argumentative and Aggressive Communication. 2nd Edition, Peter Lang, New York.
[9]
Bekiari, A. (2012) Perceptions of Instructors’ Verbal Aggressiveness and Physical Education Students’ Affective Learning. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 115, 325-335.
https://doi.org/10.2466/06.11.16.PMS.115.4.325-335
[10]
Bekiari, A. (2014) Verbal Aggressiveness and Leadership Style of Sport Instructors and Their Relationship with Athletes’ Intrinsic Motivation. Creative Education, 5, 114-121. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2014.52018
[11]
Bekiari, A. (2016) Insights into Instructors’ Verbal Aggressiveness and Students’ Machiavellianism through Leadership Style and Motivational Climate. European Scientific Journal, 12, 90-110. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n25p90
[12]
Bekiari, A., Kokaridas, D. and Sakellariou, K. (2005) Verbal Aggressiveness of Physical Education Teachers and Students’ Self-Reports of Behavior. Psychological Reports, 96, 493-498. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.2.493-498
[13]
Bekiari, A., Kokaridas, D. and Sakellariou, K. (2006) Associations of Students’ Self-Report of Their Teacher’s Verbal Aggression, Intrinsic Motivation, and Perceptions of Reasons for Discipline in Greek Physical Education Classes. Psychological Reports, 98, 451-461. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.98.2.451-461
[14]
Bekiari, A. and Syrmpas, I. (2015) The Influence of Motivational Climate and Coaches’ Verbal Aggression on Athletes’ Satisfaction. British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 9, 318-329.
https://doi.org/10.9734/BJESBS/2015/17757
[15]
Bekiari, A. and Tsiana, I. (2016) Exploring Instructors’ Verbal Aggressiveness and Students’ Personal Orientations and Reasons of Discipline in Physical Education Class. Advances in Physical Education, 6, 158-168.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2016.63018
[16]
Claus, C.J., Chory, R.M. and Malachowski, C.C. (2011) The Relationship between Instructor Aggressive Communication Traits and Student Antisocial Behavioural Alteration Techniques. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Communication Association, Alexandria.
[17]
Myers, S.A., Edwards, C., Wahl, S.T. and Martin, M.M. (2007) The Relationship between Perceived Instructor Aggressive Communication and College Student Involvement. Communication Education, 56, 495-508.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520701466398
[18]
Myers, S.A. and Rocca, K.A. (2001) Perceived Instructor Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness in the College Classroom: Effects on Student Perceptions of Climate, Apprehension, and State Motivation. Western Journal of Communication, 65, 113-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310109374696
[19]
Myers, S.A. and Knox, R.L. (1999) Verbal Aggression in the College Classroom: Perceived Instructor Use and Student Affective Learning. Communication Quarterly, 47, 33-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463379909370122
[20]
Schrodt, P. (2003) Students’ Appraisals of Instructors as a Function of Students’ Perceptions of Instructors’ Aggressive Communication. Communication Education, 52, 106-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520302468
[21]
Bekiari, A., Perkos, S. and Gerodimos, V. (2015) Verbal Aggression in Basketball: Perceived Coach Use and Athlete Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15, 96-102.
[22]
Bekiari, A., Digelidis, N. and Sakelariou, K. (2006) Perceived Verbal Aggressiveness of Coaches in Volleyball and Basketball: A Preliminary Study. Psychological Reports, 103, 526-530.
[23]
Bekiari, A., Patsiaouras, A., Kokaridas, D. and Sakellariou, K. (2006) Verbal Aggressiveness and State Anxiety of Volleyball Players and Coaches. Psychological Reports, 99, 630-634.
[24]
Hassandra, M., Bekiari, A. and Sakellariou, K. (2007) Physical Education Teacher’s Verbal Aggression and Student’s Fair Play Behaviors. The Physical Educator, 64, 94-101.
[25]
Lemieux, P., McKelvie, S.J. and Stout, D. (2002) Self-Reported Hostile Aggression in Contact Athletes, No Contact Athletes and Non-Athletes. Athletic Insight, 4, 42-56.
[26]
Mazer, J.P., Barnes, K., Grevious, A. and Boger, C. (2013) Coach Verbal Aggression: A Case Study Examining Effects on Athlete Motivation and Perceptions of Coach Credibility. International Journal of Sport Communication, 6, 203-213.
https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.6.2.203
[27]
Syrmpas, I. and Bekiari, A. (2015) The Relationship between Perceived Physical Education Teacher’s Verbal Aggressiveness and Argumentativeness with Students’ Interpersonal Attraction. Inquiries in Sport & Physical Education, 13, 21-32.
[28]
Sabourin, T.C., Infante, D.A. and Rudd, J.E. (1993) Verbal Aggression in Marriages A Comparison of Violent, Distressed but Nonviolent, and Nondistressed Couples. Human Communication Research, 20, 245-267.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00323.x
[29]
Ding, C.S., Nelsen, E.A. and Lassonde, C.T. (2002) Correlates of Gun Involvement and Aggressiveness among Adolescents. Youth & Society, 34, 195-213.
https://doi.org/10.1177/004411802237863
[30]
Wilkinson, D.L., McBryde, M.S., Williams, B., Bloom, S. and Bell, K. (2009) Peers and Gun Use among Urban Adolescent Males: An Examination of Social Embeddedness. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 25, 20-44.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986208328449
[31]
Sipes, R.G. (1973) War, Sports and Aggression: An Empirical Test of Two Rival Theories. American Anthropologist, 75, 64-86.
https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1973.75.1.02a00040
[32]
Bartholow, B.D., Anderson, C.A., Carnagey, N.L. and Benjamin, A.J. (2005) Interactive Effects of Life Experience and Situational Cues on Aggression: The Weapons Priming Effect in Hunters and Nonhunters. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 48-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2004.05.005
[33]
Kuentzel, W.F. and Heberleln, T.A. (1998) Why Do Hunters Skybust? Personal Disposition or Social Influence. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 3, 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209809359111
[34]
Bekiari, A. and Hasanagas, N. (2015) Verbal Aggressiveness Exploration through Complete Social Network Analysis: Using Physical Education Students’ Class as an Illustration. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 3, 30-49.
https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v3i3.729
[35]
Bekiari, Α., Hasanagas, Ν., Theoharis, D., Kefalas, Ι. and Vasilou, Α. (2015) The Role of Mathematical Object and the Educational Environment to Students’ Interpersonal Relationships: An Application of Full Social Network Analysis. Proceedings of the 32nd Congress Greek Mathematical Society, Kastoria, 28 October-1 November 2015, 799-812.
[36]
Bekiari, A. and Spyropoulou, S. (2016) Exploration of Verbal Aggressiveness and Interpersonal Attraction through Social Network Analysis: Using University Physical Education Class as an Illustration. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 4, 145-155.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.46016
[37]
Hasanagas, N. and Bekiari, A. (2015) Depicting Determinants and Effects of Intimacy and Verbal Aggressiveness Target through Social Network Analysis. Sociology Mind, 5, 162-175. https://doi.org/10.4236/sm.2015.53015
[38]
Theoharis, D. and Bekiari, A. (2016) The Influence of Mathematics and Learning Environment in Verbal Aggressiveness and Interpersonal Relations: A Dynamic Analysis of Social Networks. 8th International Congress Mathematical Society, Thessaloniki, 30 March-3 April 2016, 145-155 (orig. in Greek).
[39]
Theoharis, D. and Bekiari, A. (2016) Analyzing Centrality Indicators of Social Networks. Case Study on Leadership Networks of Students and Teachers. Proceedings of the 33rd Congress of Greek Mathematical Society, Chania, 4-6 November 2016, 250-260.
[40]
Theoharis, D., Bekiari, A. and Koustelios, A. (2017) Exploration of Determinants of Verbal Aggressiveness and Leadership through Network Analysis and Conventional Statistics. Using School Class as an Illustration. Sociology Mind. (Forthcoming)
[41]
Bekiari, A. and Hasanagas, N. (2016) Suggesting Indicators of Superficiality and Purity in Verbal Aggressiveness. An Application in Adult Education Class Networks of Prisoners. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 4, 279-292.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.43035
[42]
Bekiari, A. and Digelidis, N. (2015) Measuring Verbal Aggressiveness in Sport and Education. International Journal of Physical Education, 4, 12-21.
[43]
Popitz, H. (1992) Phanomene der Macht. 2. Stark erweiterte Auflage. Tübingen.
[44]
Bekiari, A. and Hasanagas, N. (2016) Sociological Insights in the Education System: “Unlocking” the Power Relations. Afoi Kyriakidi Editions S.A., Thessaloniki.
[45]
Bekiari, A. and Hasanagas, N. (2016) “Educating” in Physical Education. Theoretical Approaches and Practical Inquiries. Afoi Kyriakidi Editions S.A., Thessaloniki.
[46]
Lowenfeld, H. (1969) Human Aggression: By Anthony Storr. New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1968. 127 p. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 38, 491-494.
[47]
Hasanagas, N., Birtsas, P. and Sokos, C. (2011) The Hunting as Way of Life, as Sport and as Hobby. 15th Pan-hellenic Forest Science Conference, Hellenic Forestry Association, Karditsa, 16-19 October 2011, 1-13 (orig. in Greek).
