This
paper addresses the GHG emissions from oil and gas extraction, production and
combustion and other emissions sources in Libya. In general, this research
deals with the primary energy tracing from well to wheel leading to inventor of
pollutants emitted through this path. This study presents the first work
conducted in the estimation of costs of the environmental damages caused by GHG
emissions from Libyans activities, we involved not only the energy or
industrial facilities but also the waste and livestock in this process. For
Libyan market, we adopted a cost of CO2e is 44 LD/ton CO2e
(which equivalents to 32 US$ or 29 €), the present study reveals that the
prices of all fusel fuel must be increased by 79%, 138%, 19% and 80% for
Gasoline, Diesel, Air-jet fuel and LPG respectively, and by 8%, 143%, 6%, 3%
and 14% for air traveling
tickets, MWh of electricity, ton of steel, ton of cement, kg of red meat and
ton of garbage, respectively. The total revenue as a result of the
implementation of carbon tax is 4.4 billion LD which equivalent to 10% of the
Libyan GDP in 2015. The followed procedure enables to investigate the effect of
each type of energy, production or service on the environment individually.
This research paved the road for more intensive researches to account all
pollutants in the social-economical-environmental system.
References
[1]
Cotton, D. and Trück, S. (2013) Emissions Mitigation Schemes in Australia—The Past, Present and Future. Low Carbon Economy, 4, 80-94.
http://doi.org/10.4236/lce.2013.42009
[2]
Zhang, Q.-Y., Wei, Y.-M., Chen, Y.-X. and Guo, H. (2007) Environmental Damage Costs from Fossil Electricity Generation in China, 2000~2003. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A, 8, 1816-1825. http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus
https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2007.A1816
Agostini, P., Botteon, M. and Camaro, C. (1992) A Carbon Tax to Reduce CO2 Emissions in Europe. Energy Economics October, 14, 279-290.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(92)90034-B
[9]
Nassar, Y.F., Aissa, K.R. and Alsadi, S.Y. (2017) Air Pollution Sources in Libya. Research & Reviews: Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 5, 63-79.
[10]
Shafie-Pour, M. and Ardestani, M. (2007) Environmental Damage Costs in Iran by the Energy Sector. Energy Policy, 35, 4413-4423.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.03.008
[11]
ExternE 1998. ExternE: Externalities of Energy. Vol. 7: Methodology 1998 Update (EUR19083); Vol. 8: Global Warming (EUR 18836); Vol. 9: Fuel Cycles for Emerging and End-Use Technologies, Transport and Waste (EUR 18887); Vol. 10: National Implementation (EUR 18528). Published by European Commission, Directorate-General XII, Science Research and Development. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, L-2920 Luxembourg. Results Are Also Available at https://www.externe.info/externe_d7/?q=node/4
[12]
Zwaan, B. and Rabl, A. (2013) Prospects for PV: A Learning Curve Analysis. Solar Energy, 74, 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00112-9
[13]
Nassar, Y.F., Amer K.A., Irhouma M.A. and Ahmad S.M. (2016) Economical and Environmental Assessment of Electrical Generators: A Case Study of Southern Region of Libya. International Journal of Energy Policy and Management, 1, 64-71.
https://www.aascit.org/journal/ijepm
[14]
Luckow, P., Stanton, E.A., Biewald, B., Fields, S., Jackson, S., Fisher, J. and Ackerman, F. (2015) Carbon Dioxide Price Forecast, 3 March 2015, Synapse, Energy Economics, Inc., http://www.synapse-energy.com/
[15]
https://www.worldbank.org
[16]
Zhang, K.Z., Wang, J. and Huang, Y.M. (2011) Estimating the Effect of Carbon Tax on CO2 Emissions of Coal in China. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2, 1101-1107. http://doi:10.4236/jep.2011.28127
[17]
Lin, C.Y.C. and Zeng, J. (2014) The Optimal Gasoline Tax for China. Theoretical Economics Letters, 4, 270-278. http://doi.org/10.4236/tel.2014.44037
