Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are common causative agents with high infection rate in pig farms, thus a combined vaccine against both EMCV and PCV2 is highly desirable. In the present study, we developed an oil-adjuvant combination vaccine candidate comprising of inactivated EMCV and PCV2, and evaluated the safety and immunogenicity in mice and swine. The combination vaccine was found to elicit serum antibodies and had strong neutralization activity, more importantly, passive immunization with the combined vaccine protected swine against either EMCV or PCV2 lethal infections, whereas the monovalent vaccine only prevent the one of two virus challenge. Our results demonstrated the combined vaccine was safe and induced protective immune response in mice and swine as evident from sero-conservation as well as challenge studies in swine, indicating that component vaccines did not interfere with the immunogenicity of each other.
References
[1]
Gelmetti, D., Meroni, A., Brocchi, E., et al. (2006) Pathogenesis of Encephalomyocarditis Experimental Infection in Young Piglets: A Potential Animal Model to Study Viral Myocarditis. Veterinary Research, 37, 15-23.
https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2005041
[2]
Juncker-Voss, M., Prosl, H., Lussy, H., et al. (2003) Screening for Antibodies against Zoonotic Agents among Employees of the Zoological Garden of Vienna, Schonbrunn, Austria. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 117, 404-409.
[3]
LaRue, R., Myers, S., Brewer, L., et al. (2003) A Wild-Type Porcine Encephalomyocarditis Virus Containing a Short Poly (C) Tract Is Pathogenic to Mice, Pigs, and Cynomolgus Macaques. Journal of Virology, 77, 9136-9146.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.17.9136-9146.2003
[4]
Billinis, C., Paschaleri-Papadopoulou, E., Psychas, V., et al. (1999) Persistence of Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV) Infection in Piglets. Veterinary Microbiology, 70, 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00137-6
[5]
Ge, X., Wang, F., Guo, X., et al. (2012) Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Its Associated Diseases in China. Virus Research, 164, 100-106.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.005
[6]
Park, C., Jeong, J., Choi, K., et al. (2016) Efficacy of a New Bivalent Vaccine of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (FosteraTM PCV MH) under Experimental Conditions. Vaccine, 34, 270-275.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.034
[7]
Jeoung, H.Y., Shin, B.H., Jeong, W.S., et al. (2012) A Novel Vaccine Combined with an Alum Adjuvant for Porcine Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV)-Induced Reproductive Failure in Pregnant Sows. Research in Veterinary Science, 93, 1508-1511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.02.012
[8]
Pogranichniy, R.M., Yoon, K.J., Yaeger, M., et al. (2004) Efficacy of Experimental Inactivated PCV2 Vaccines for Preventing PMWS in CDCD Pigs. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Swine Vet, Lowa, 35, 443-444.
[9]
Fraile, L., Grau-Roma, L., Sarasola, P., et al. (2012) Inactivated PCV2 One Shot Vaccine Applied in 3-Week-Old Piglets: Improvement of Production Parameters and Interaction with Maternally Derived Immunity. Vaccine, 30, 1986-1992.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.008
[10]
Reed, L.J. and Muench, H. (1938) A Simple Method of Estimating Fifty Per Cent Endpoints. American Journal of Epidemiology, 27, 493-497.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408
[11]
Chang, H.T., Liu, H.M., Li, Y.T., et al. (2016) Analysis of Pathogenicity in Piglets Concurrent Infection with Encephalomyocarditis Virus under Immunosuppression Caused by Porcine Circovirus Type 2. Acta veterinaria et zootechnica Sinica, 47, 1435-1442.
[12]
Hunter, P., Swanepoel, S.P., Esterhuysen, J.J., et al. (1998) The Efficacy of an Experimental Oil-Adjuvanted Encephalomyocarditis Vaccine in Elephants, Mice and Pigs. Vaccine, 16, 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(97)00158-8
[13]
McLelland, D.J., Kirkland, P.D., Rose, K.A., Dixon, R.J. and Smith, N. (2005) Serologic Responses of Barbary Sheep (Ammotragus lervia), Indian Antelope (Antilope cervicapra), Wallaroos (Macropus robustus), and Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to an Inactivated Encephalomyocarditis Virus Vaccine. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 36, 69-73. https://doi.org/10.1638/03-054
[14]
Chae, C. (2012) Commercial Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Vaccines: Efficacy and Clinical Application. The Veterinary Journal, 194, 151-157.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.031
[15]
Seo, H.W., Han, K., Kim, D., et al. (2011) Effects of an Inactivated Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Vaccine on PCV2 Virus Shedding in Semen from Experimentally Infected Boars. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 18, 1091-1096.
https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.05027-11
[16]
Yang, K., Li, W., Niu, H., et al. (2012) Efficacy of Single Dose of an Inactivated Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Whole-Virus Vaccine with Oil Adjuvant in Piglets. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 54, 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-54-67
[17]
Patriarca, P.A., Wright, P.F. and John, T.J. (1991) Factors Affecting the Immunogenicity of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine in Developing Countries: Review. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 13, 926-939. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/13.5.926
[18]
Guy, B., Barban, V., Mantel, N., Aguirre, M., Gulia, S., Pontvianne, J., et al. (2009) Evaluation of Interferences between Dengue Vaccine Serotypes in a Monkey Model. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 80, 302-311.
[19]
Anderson, K.B., Gibbons, R.V., Edelman, R., Eckels, K.H., Putnak, R.J., Innis, B.L., et al. (2011) Interference and Facilitation between Dengue Serotypes in a Tetravalent Live Dengue Virus Vaccine Candidate. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 204, 442-450. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir279
[20]
Sabchareon, A., Lang, J., Chanthavanich, P., Yoksan, S., Forrat, R., Attanath, P., et al. (2002) Safety and Immunogenicity of Tetravalent Live-Attenuated Dengue Vaccines in Thai Adult Volunteers: Role of Serotype Concentration, Ratio, and Multiple Doses. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 66, 264-272.
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.264
[21]
Sun, W., Edelman, R., Kanesa-Thasan, N., Eckels, K.H., Putnak, J.R., King, A.D., et al. (2003) Vaccination of Human Volunteers with Monovalent and Tetravalent Live Attenuated Dengue Vaccine Candidates. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 69, 24-31.
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.6_suppl.0690024
[22]
Kitchener, S., Nissen, M., Nasveld, P., Forrat, R., Yoksan, S., Lang, J., et al. (2006) Immunogenicity and Safety of Two Live-Attenuated Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine Formulations in Healthy Australian Adults. Vaccine, 24, 1238-1241.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.09.029
