In the Mediterranean region, climate change will result by 2100 in a tempera-ture increase that most likely will range from 2°C to 2.7°C, while annual precip-itation will most likely reduce in the range of 3% to 10%. This paper uses hy-drological modeling of precipitation and evapotranspiration to evaluate the challenge to aquifer natural recharge considering Palestine as a case study. The study showed that the climate change impacts on aquifer recharge will vary according to the distributions of monthly precipitation and evapotranspiration in the recharge areas. The 2°C to 3°C increase in temperature could result in a reduction of 6% to 13% in aquifer annual recharge. Aquifer recharge was found to be sensitive to changes in precipitation as a reduction of 3% to 10% in annual precipitation could result in a reduction in annual recharge ranging from 3% to 25%. It was observed that aquifers with recharge areas characterized by lower precipitation are more sensitive to precipitation reduction and thus groundwater resources will be negatively impacted more in these areas by climate change. Thus, climate change will reduce water availability in drier areas requiring adaptation measures through improving water management and rehabilitation of water infrastructure.
References
[1]
Zhang, N., Ran, Y., Zhou, L.B., Gao, G.H., Shi, R.R., Qiu, G.Z. and Liu, X.H. (2009) Lanthanide Hydroxide Nanorods and Their Thermal Decomposition to Lanthanide Oxide Nanorods. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 114, 160-167.
[2]
Cedric, B., Condorelli, G.G., Finocchiaro, S.T., Di Mauro, A., Atanasio, D., Fragala, I.L., Cattaneo, L. and Carella, S. (2006) MOCVD of Lanthanum Oxides from La(tmhd)3 and La(tmod)3 Precursors: A Thermal and Kinetic Investigation. Chemical Vapor Deposition, 12, 46-53.
Wu, Y.H., Yang, M.Y., Chin, A., Chen, W.J. and Kwei, C.M. (2000) Electrical Characteristics of High Quality La2O3 Gate Dielectric with Equivalent Oxide Thickness of 5/spl Aring. IEEE Electron Device Letters, 21, 341-343.
[5]
Hirotoshi, Y., Shimizu, T., Kurokawa, A., Ishii, K. and Suzuki, E. (2003) MOCVD of High-Dielectric-Constant Lanthanum Oxide Thin Films. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 150, G429-G435.
[6]
Pechini, M. P. (1967) USA Patent, No. 3.330. 697.
[7]
Tsoutsou, D., Scarel, G., Debernardi, A., Capelli, S.C., Volkos, S.N., Lamagna, L., Schamm, S., Coulon, P.E. and Fanciulli, M. (2008) Infrared Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction Studies on the Crystallographic Evolution of La2O3 Films upon Annealing. Microelectronic Engineering, 85, 2411-2413.
[8]
Xie, Y., Qian, Y., Li, J., Chen, Z. and Yang, L. (1995) Hydrothermal Preparation and Characterization of Ultrafine Powders of Ferrite Spinels MFe2O4 (M= Fe, Zn and Ni). Materials Science and Engineering: B, 34, L1-L3.
[9]
Kim, W.C., Kim, S.J., Lee, S.W. and Kim, C.S. (2001) Growth of Ultrafine NiZnCu Ferrite and Magnetic Properties by a Sol-Gel Method. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 226, 1418-1420.
[10]
Wang, H.-W. and Kung, S.-C. (2004) Crystallization of Nanosized Ni-Zn Ferrite Powders Prepared by Hydrothermal Method. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 270, 230-236.
[11]
Krishnaveni, T., Murthy, S.R., Gao, F., Lu, Q. and Komarneni, S. (2006) Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanosize Ta2O 5 Added Mg-Cu-Zn Ferrites. Journal of Materials Science, 41, 1471-1474.
Pathan, A.A., Desai, K.R. and Bhasin, C.P. (2017) Synthesis of La2O3 Nanoparticles Using Glutaric Acid and Propylene Glycol for Future CMOS Applications. International journal of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, 3, 21-25.
[14]
Bikshalu, K., Reddy, V.S.K., Reddy, P.C.S. and Rao, K.V. (2014) Synthesis of La2O3 Nanoparticles by Pechini Method for Future CMOS Applications. International Journal of Education and Applied Research, 4, 12-15.
[15]
Phases, Powder Diffraction File Inorganics (1988) Alphabetical Index, Inorganics phases. Swarthmore, Pennsylvania: JCPDS(04-0856). International Centre for Diffraction Data.
