The objective of this research is to present a systematic analysis, in which we
seek to identify the concepts of intelligent city, with the intention of recognizing
the nature of this intelligence before the participation of the population.
Therefore, the research associates concepts as smart cities, citizen participation
and social web, identifying publications between 2012 and the first quarter
of 2018 and questioning what the intelligent city is and how this concept is
able to (re)organize the learning processes of the territory from the informal
dynamics of the contemporary city. The qualitative analysis of the documents
revealed an innumerable of definitions and related terms: smart, intelligent,
ubiquitous, digital, knowledge, sustainable, crowd sourcing, innovative;
structured in three types of approaches: technological focus, focus on human
resources and focus on citizen-related governance from the following domains:
media convergence, public and regulatory information policies, infrastructure
management, real-time data mining and extraction, geographic information
system, crowd computing, smart cities education, and social monitoring
and control. In spite of the access to a great amount of data, we verify
that the concept of intelligent city is referenced by a significant number of researches,
but, in smaller number, works that present models of construction
of a collective intelligence for the city. From this perspective, we identified the
need to recognize technological education interventions for communication
between individuals and the city. Because we believe that only through the
implementation and management of techno-educommunication ecosystems
will be able to promote a culture of participation.
References
[1]
Manville, C., Cochrane, G., Cave, J., Millard, J., Pederson, J.K., Thaarup, R.K., Kotterink, B., et al. (2014) Mapping Smart Cities in the EU.
[2]
Martins, H. (2006) Dilemas da República Tecnológica. Análise Social, 181, 959-979.
[3]
Wiener, N. (1948) Cybernetics: Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 194.
[4]
Fernandes, C.M.B. and Morosini, M.C. (2014) Estado do Conhecimento: Conceitos, Finalidades e Interlocucoes. Educacao Por Escrito, 5.
Lafuente, F. (2011) A era do raciocínio artificial. HSM Management, 86, 80-86.
[9]
Lévy, P. (2014) A Esfera Semantica: Tomo 1—Computacao, Cognicao e Economia da Informacao. Annablume Editora, Sao Paulo.
[10]
Steventon, A. and Wright, S. (2010) Intelligent Spaces: The Application of Pervasive ICT. Springer, Berlin.
[11]
Florida, R. (2004) The Rise of the Creative Class and How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life (Paperback).
[12]
Florida, R. (2005) Cities and the Creative Class. Routledge, Abingdon.
[13]
Komninos, N. (2009) Intelligent Cities: Towards Interactive and Global Innovation Environments. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development, 1, 337-355. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIRD.2009.022726
[14]
Bolund, P. and Hunhammar, S. (1999) Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas. Ecological Economics, 29, 293-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00013-0
[15]
Tzoulas, K., Korpela, K., Venn, S., Yli-Pelkonen, V., Kazmierczak, A., Niemela, J. and James, P. (2007) Promoting Ecosystem and Human Health in Urban Areas Using Green Infrastructure: A Literature Review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81, 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.02.001
[16]
Jenkins, H. (2015) Cultura da convergência Aleph.
[17]
Rose, N. (1999) Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[18]
Santos, R., Teixeira, M.M., Teixeira, C.A.C., Trinta, F.A.M. and Farias, P.P.M. (2009) Conceitos de Mineracao de Dados na Web XV Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Multimídia e Web, VI Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Colaborativos-Anais. 81-124.
[19]
Han, J.W., Kamber, M. and Pei, J. (2012) Classification: Basic Concepts. In: Han, J.W., Kamber, M. and Pei, J., Eds., Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, Morgan Kaufmann, Burlington, 327-391.
[20]
Anthopoulos, L.G. (2017) Smart Government: A New Adjective to Government Transformation or a Trick? In: Understanding Smart Cities: A Tool for Smart Government or an Industrial Trick, Springer, Cham, 263-293.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57015-0_6
[21]
Forns-Samso, F., Laine, T., Oy, G., Sousa, F., Mendes, J.M. and Meireles, A.R. (2014) Acilities M. Building Information Modeling. 54.
[22]
Zhuhadar, L., Thrasher, E., Marklin, S. and de Pablos, P.O. (2017) The Next Wave of Innovation—Review of Smart Cities Intelligent Operation Systems. Computers in Human Behavior, 66, 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.030
[23]
Misuraca, G., Broster, D. and Centeno, C. (2012) Digital Europe 2030: Designing Scenarios for ICT in Future Governance and Policy Making. Government Information Quarterly, 29, S121-S131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2011.08.006
[24]
M’barek, B.E.N., Jeddi, A. and Achouri, M.A. (2015) Impact of Social Media on the Behavior of Tunisian Voters: 2014 Elections. British Journal of Marketing Studies, 3, 32-44.
[25]
Shiramatsu, S., Ozono, T. and Shintani, T. (2015) SOCIA: Linked Open Data of Context behind Local Concerns for Supporting Public Participation. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 6, 268-277.
https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2015.060238
[26]
Han, J., Pei, J. and Kamber, M. (2011) Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques. Elsevier, New York.
[27]
Salim, F. and Haque, U. (2015) Urban Computing in the Wild: A Survey on Large Scale Participation and Citizen Engagement with Ubiquitous Computing, Cyber Physical Systems, and Internet of Things. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 81, 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.03.003
[28]
Al Nuaimi, E., Al Neyadi, H., Mohamed, N. and Al-Jaroodi, J. (2015) Applications of Big Data to Smart Cities. Journal of Internet Services and Applications, 6, 25.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13174-015-0041-5
[29]
Netousek, T., Gugumuk, H. and Beleznai, C. (2014) Real-Time Multimedia Policy Analysis of Using Video and Audio Recognition from Radio, TV, and User-Generated Content. In: Handbook of Research on Advanced ICT Integration for Governance and Policy Modeling, IGI Global, Hershey, 248-271.
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6236-0.ch013
[30]
Rojas, L. and Henao, D. (2017) Participatión Ciudadana y Narrativas Transmedia en la Comuna 13 de Medellín-Colombia. In: Cabral, Bolano, Araujo, Andacht, Paulino, Eds., New Concepts and Territories in Latin America, Página, 559-580.
[31]
Nelson, D. (2013) Social Media Enactment Study for the District of North Vancouver.
[32]
Messina, M.J. (2012) Crowdsourcing for Transit-Oriented Planning Projects: A Case Study of “Interactive Somerville”. Doctoral Dissertation, Tufts University, Medford.
[33]
Mehta, S.M. (2011) Mobile 311; A Framework for 311 Services with Mobile Technology. Doctoral Dissertation.
[34]
Furtado, V., Caminha, C., Ayres, L. and Santos, H. (2012) Open Government and Citizen Participation in Law Enforcement via Crowd Mapping. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 27, 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2012.80
[35]
Aladalah, M., Cheung, Y. and Lee, V.C. (2016) Delivering Public Value: Synergistic Integration via Gov 2.0. 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Koloa, 5-8 January 2016, 3000-3009. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2016.376
[36]
Schneider, D., de Souza, J. and Lucas, E.M. (2014) Towards a Typology of Social News Apps from a Crowd Computing Perspective. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, San Diego, 5-8 October 2014, 1134-1140.
https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2014.6974066
[37]
Rey, M.C.N. and García, X.L. (2016) Online Media in a Context of Proximity in Galicia and Portugal and Its Presence on the Social Networks. 11th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies, Gran Canaria, 15-18 June 2016, 1-6.
[38]
Sibande, R. and Thinyane, H. (2016) A Mobile Based Technology Platform for Citizen Engagement in Malawi. IST Africa Week Conference, 1-10.
[39]
Urban Systems. http://www.urbansystems.com.br/
[40]
Gomyde, A. (2017) Cidades inteligentes e humanas.
[41]
Afonso, R.A., Silva, W.D., Tomas, G.H.R.P., Gama, K., Oliveira, A., Alvaro, A. and Garcia, V.C. (2013) Br-SCMM: Modelo Brasileiro de Maturidade para Cidades Inteligentes Simpósio Brasileiro De Sistemas De Informacao.
[42]
Lévy, P. (2007) Inteligência coletiva (A) Edicoes Loyola.
[43]
Hutchins, E. (2000) Distributed Cognition. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Elsevier Science, New York.
[44]
Norman, D.A. (1991) Cognitive Artifacts. In: Carroll, J.M., Ed., Cambridge Series on Human-Computer Interaction, No. 4. Designing Interaction: Psychology at the Human-Computer Interface, Cambridge University Press, New York, 17-38.
