Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, and Chinese government adopts compulsory immunization measures for FMD. The adverse effects of FMD vaccine to pigs, cattle and goats have been reported increasingly frequent during the spring and autumn seasons when large numbers of farm livestock are vaccinated. The financial losses caused by vaccine adverse effects have been a serious concern for both farmers and primary prevention personnel. There are various causative factors reported to involve into adverse effect of FMD vaccine, including the inappropriate vaccine production, transportation and storage, livestock poor tolerance, and unqualified vaccinating manipulations. Symptomatic treatment and early drug prevention have a certain effect on the adverse effects. To analyze causes and propose countermeasures, in the current study possible reasons during the production and processing procedures of inactivated FMD vaccine were reviewed and corresponding countermeasures were recommended. The review may provide references for better use of vaccine to prevent FMD.
References
[1]
Parrella, A., Gold, M., Marshall, H., Braunack-Mayer, A. and Baghurst, P. (2013) Parental Perspectives of Vaccine Safety and Experience of Adverse Events Following Immunisation. Vaccine, 31, 2067-2074.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.011
[2]
Pasternak, B., Feenstra, B., Melbye, M. and Hviid, A. (2015) Improving Vaccine Safety through a Better Understanding of Vaccine Adverse Events. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 60, 1586-1587. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ080
[3]
Narwaney, K.J., Breslin, K., Ross, C.A., Shoup, J.A., Wain, K.F., Weintraub, E.S., McNeil, M.M. and Hambidge, S.J. (2017) Vaccine Adverse Events in a Safety Net Healthcare System and a Managed Care Organization. Vaccine, 35, 1335-1340.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.017
[4]
Li, P.H., Wagner, A., Rutkowski, R. and Rutkowski, K. (2017) Vaccine Allergy: A Decade of Experience from 2 Large UK Allergy Centers. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 118, 729-731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2017.03.010
[5]
Caubet, J.C. and Ponvert, C. (2014) Vaccine Allergy. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 34, 597-613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2014.04.004
[6]
Kelso, J.M. (2015) Drug and Vaccine Allergy. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 35, 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2014.09.013
[7]
Puliyel, J. and Naik, P. (2018) Revised World Health Organization (WHO)’s Causality Assessment of Adverse Events Following Immunization: A Critique. F1000Res, 7, 243. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13694.2
[8]
Singh, A.K., Wagner, A.L., Joshi, J., Carlson, B.F., Aneja, S. and Boulton, M.L. (2017) Application of the Revised WHO Causality Assessment Protocol for Adverse Events Following Immunization in India. Vaccine, 35, 4197-4202.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.027
[9]
Amadori, M., Volpe, G., Defilippi, P. and Berneri, C. (1997) Phenotypic Features of BHK-21 Cells Used for Production of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine. Biologicals, 25, 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1006/biol.1996.0061
[10]
Demirjian, A. and Levy, O. (2009) Safety and Efficacy of Neonatal Vaccination. European Journal of Immunology, 39, 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200838620
[11]
Zimmerman, M.C. (1958) Penicillinase-Proved Allergy to Penicillin in Poliomyelitis Vaccine. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 167, 1807-1809.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1958.02990320001001
[12]
Haslam, S., Yen, D., Dvirnik, N. and Engen, D. (2012) Cefazolin Use in Patients Who Report a Non-IgE Mediated Penicillin Allergy: A Retrospective Look at Adverse Reactions in Arthroplasty. Iowa Orthopedic Journal, 32, 100-103.
[13]
Criep, L.H. and Beam, L.R. (1964) Allergy to Trypsin. Journal of Allergy, 35, 425-432.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8707(64)90068-1
[14]
Kelso, J.M., Greenhawt, M.J., Li, J.T., Nicklas, R.A., Bernstein, D.I., Blessing-Moore, J., Cox, L., Khan, D., Lang, D.M., Oppenheimer, J., Portnoy, J.M., Randolph, C.R., Schuller, D.E., Spector, S.L., Tilles, S.A. and Wallace, D. (2012) Adverse Reactions to Vaccines Practice Parameter 2012 Update. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 130, 25-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.04.003
[15]
Aarthi, D., Ananda Rao, K., Robinson, R. and Srinivasan, V.A. (2004) Validation of Binary Ethyleneimine (BEI) Used as an Inactivant for Foot and Mouth Disease Tissue Culture Vaccine. Biologicals, 32, 153-156.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2004.09.001
[16]
Habib, M., Hussain, I., Irshad, H., Yang, Z.Z., Shuai, J.B. and Chen, N. (2006) Immunogenicity of Formaldehyde and Binary Ethylenimine Inactivated Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Broiler Chicks. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 7, 660-664. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2006.B0660
[17]
Brucculeri, M., Cheigh, J., Bauer, G. and Serur, D. (2005) Long-Term Intravenous Sodium Thiosulfate in the Treatment of a Patient with Calciphylaxis. Seminars in Dialysis, 18, 431-434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-139X.2005.00082.x
[18]
Lee, N.H., Lee, J.A., Park, S.Y., Song, C.S., Choi, I.S. and Lee, J.B. (2012) A Review of Vaccine Development and Research for Industry Animals in Korea. Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research, 1, 18-34. https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2012.1.1.18
[19]
Gupta, R.K. and Siber, G.R. (1995) Adjuvants for Human Vaccines—Current Status, Problems and Future Prospects. Vaccine, 13, 1263-1276.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(95)00011-O
[20]
Spickler, A.R. and Roth, J.A. (2003) Adjuvants in Veterinary Vaccines: Modes of Action and Adverse Effects. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 17, 273-281.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02448.x
[21]
Hibbs, B.F., Moro, P.L., Lewis, P., Miller, E.R. and Shimabukuro, T.T. (2015) Vaccination Errors Reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, (VAERS) United States, 2000-2013. Vaccine, 33, 3171-3178.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.006
[22]
Aggarwal, A. (1998) Needle Length and Injection Technique for Efficient Intramuscular Vaccine Delivery. Indian Pediatrics, 35, 389-391.
[23]
Palacios, R. (2014) Considerations on Immunization Anxiety-Related Reactions in Clusters. Colombia Médica, 45, 136-140.
[24]
Florida Dental, A. (2011) Medical Management of Vaccine Reactions in Children and Teens.
[25]
Gebus, M., Barbier, C., Bost-Bru, C., Michard-Lenoir, A.P. and Plantaz, D. (2015) Extensive Swelling Reaction after a Pentavalent Vaccination. Archives de Pédiatrie, 22, 967-970.
