跑鞋与着地方式对跑步损伤的影响

长跑是骨骼肌肉系统损伤发病率最高的运动健身项目之一，与跑鞋和着地方式有很大关系。在百链云图书馆和谷歌学术数据库中检索有关跑鞋和着地方式与跑步损伤关系的生物力学研究，最终选择42篇进行文献综述，发表时间为1981～2016年。跑鞋所宣称的缓冲和动作控制的作用并未得到证实，裸足跑作为更自然的跑步方式得到提倡。前脚掌着地的跑步方式对膝关节的损伤更小，但踝关节和跖骨的负荷较大；后跟着地则相反。因此，跑步者应根据自身情况选择适合的跑步方式。但转变跑步方法对跑步者下肢生物力学特征的影响尚未明确，这方面的研究会对跑步者转变跑步方式提出更好的建议。
Long distance running is a popular sport with a high risk of getting musculoskeletal injuries, which is closely related to running shoes and foot-strike patterns. Biomechanical researches on relationship of running shoes and foot-strike patterns with running injuries were searched on the chain cloud library and Google academic database, and a total of 42 papers published from 1981 to 2016 were reviewed. There is not enough evidence to prove that running shoes have an effective cushioning and motor controlling function as what they claim, while barefoot running as a kind of more natural running pattern should be encouraged. Generally speaking, the forefoot strike has a lower injury risk on the knee, but increases the load on ankle and metatarsal bones. On the contrary, the rear foot strike always has a higher injury risk on the knee while a lower load on ankle and metatarsal bones. Therefore, runners should choose a suitable running method depending on their own conditions. The influence of running method transformation on biomechanical characteristics of lower limbs is not clear, and researches in such area may give more effective suggestions for runners to change their running methods.