Concentration of Inorganic Elements Content in Benthic Seaweeds of Fernando de Noronha Archipelago by Synchrotron Radiation Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (SRTXRF)
SRTXRF was used to determine As, Ba, Br, Ca, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Fe, K, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn in eleven seaweed species commonly found in Fernando de Noronha: Caulerpa verticillata (J. Agardh) (Chlorophyta), Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile), Dictyurus occidentalis (J. Agardh), Galaxaura rugosa (J. Ellis & Solander) J. V. Lamouroux, G. obtusata (J. Ellis & Solander) J. V. Lamouroux, G. marginata (J. Ellis & Solander) J. V. Lamouroux (Rhodophyta), Dictyota cervicornis (Kützing), Dictyopteris justii (J. V. Lamouroux), Dictyopteris plagiogramma (Montagne) Vickers, Padina gymnospora (Kützing) Sonder, and a Sargassum sp. (Phaeophyta). Data obtained were compared to those from the analysis of other parts of the world seaweeds using different analytical techniques and were found to be in general agreement in terms of major and minor elemental components. Results provide baseline information about the absorption and accumulation of these elements by macroalgae in the area. 1. Introduction In the South Atlantic Ocean is located Fernando de Noronha archipelago around 540？km of the northeastern Brazilian coast. This archipelago is composed by one large island and 20 small adjacent islets that represent a mountain chain top developed along an east-west fracture zone of the ocean floor and was built up by volcanic and subvolcanic essentially alkaline and subsaturated rocks [1]. The marine flora of Fernando de Noronha was first studied by Dickie [2]. Most of the investigations carried out since then were taxonomic studies [3–5]. Also, the families Dictyotaceae and Sargassaceae of brown algae, the green algae Caulerpa verticillata, and the red algae Galaxaura spp. are among the most abundant macroalgae on the rocky and reef shores of the archipelago [5, 6]. Their predominance is probably related to the production of secondary metabolites that inhibit herbivore predation [7]. Seaweeds require various mineral ions for photosynthesis and growth. Also, it has long been established that marine and estuarine macroalgae accumulate metals to levels many times those found in the surrounding waters [7], and several algae have been used for monitoring concentrations of elements [8–12]. This study provides baseline information for further investigations of the absorption and accumulation of 20 elements by eleven macroalgae species commonly found in Fernando de Noronha archipelago. The concentrations of the elements in the seaweeds were determined using Synchrotron Radiation Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (SRTXRF). 2. Experimental 2.1. Chemicals
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