论土地调整的合理性与必要性——兼论土地制度改革的方向
Rationality and Necessity of Agricultural Land Adjustment——Direction of the Land System Reform

土地调整是中国农地制度的重要特征，虽然均田的益处得到了广泛认同，但是借助土地调整来保证农民获得土地的均等机会是合理和必要的。从合理性来看，土地调整体现了村民的集体成员权，在土地仍然承担社会保障功能的阶段，特别是在土地流转市场运转受限的情况下，农民在社会保障、资源配置与乡村治理方面仍对调整有较高的需求；从必要性来看，土地调整迎合了村民的“公平”观念，与村民自治制度相契合，并因正式法律的不完全以及替代性制度的运转受限获得了存在的空间；从总体来看，基本公平和成员权保障的土地调整已经不符合土地制度改革的方向，未来要健全传统调整的替代性制度，削弱其社会基础，有条件地发挥调整产权整合优势，实现土地细碎化的治理。
Land adjustment is an important feature of China’s agricultural land system. Although the benefits of equal distribution are widely recognized, it is worthwhile for us to study and discuss the rationality and necessity of farmers’ equal opportunity to obtain land by means of agricultural land adjustment. This paper argues that: (1) From the point of view of rationality, the land adjustment embodies the collective right of the villagers, and the adjustment can be carried out in the areas of social security, resource allocation and rural governance when the land still assumes the social security function, especially when the land circulation market is limited. (2) From the point of view of necessity, the adjustment fits the villagers “fairness” concept and fits with the villagers’ autonomy system. At the same time, the existing space is obtained because of the incomplete legal formalities and the limited operation of the alternative system. (3) From the overall point of view, the land adjustment based on the protection of fairness and membership rights is not in line with the direction of land system reform. In the future, we must improve the traditional method of land adjustment, weaken its social basis, conditionally play its advantages of property rights integration, and effectively control the fragmentation of land.