Background: 1) To determine forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) for Beninese individuals of both sexes aged 17 - 20 years; 2) Compare the observed values to those calculated based on the algorithms of the spirometer used. Materials and Methods: The FVC and FEV values were first measured using a Micro Quark spirometer and then calculated from equations for the European Respiratory Society-93 (ERS-93) in 148 subjects, including 46 girls. In each age group, the measured values for the height of the subjects were considered the only variables used to calculate the equations for FVC and FEV with their 95% confidence intervals. The means of the FEV and FVC values were obtained by univariate analysis. Results: The calculated FEV and FVC values were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those observed by spirometry. Conclusion: The correction factors incorporated in spirometers imported from Europe no longer seem appropriate to measure the physical characteristics of African subjects. The differences between the two methods of assessment should be used as new ethnic correction factors.
References
[1]
Quanjer, P.H., Tammeling, G.J., Cotes, J.E., Pedersen, O.F., Peslin, R. and Yernault, J.-C. (1993) Lung Volumes and Forced Ventilatory Flows. European Respiratory Journal, 6, 5-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24576915 https://doi.org/10.1183/09041950.005s1693
[2]
Ahmed, R., Robinson, R. and Mortimer, K. (2017) The Epidemiology of Noncommunicable Respiratory Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and North Africa. Malawi Medical Journal, 29, 203-211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28955434 https://doi.org/10.4314/mmj.v29i2.24
[3]
Bougrida, M., Ben, S.H., KheireddinneBourahli, M. and Bougmiza, I.M.H. (2008) équations de référence spirométriques des Algériens agés de 19 à 73 ans. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, 25, 577-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0761-8425(08)71615-2
[4]
Seconde Edition Francaise des recommandations européennes pour les explorations fonctionnelles respiratoires. (2001) La Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, 18, 13-52.
[5]
Arigliani, M., Canciani, M.C., Mottini, G., Altomare, M., Magnolato, A., Loa Clemente, S.V., et al. (2017) Evaluation of the Global Lung Initiative 2012 Reference Values for Spirometry in African Children. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 195, 229-236. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201604-0693OC http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/rccm.201604-0693OC
[6]
Dufetel, P., Wazni, A., Gaultier, C.I., Derossi, G., Cisse, F., et al. (1995) Croissance et fonction ventilatoire chez l’enfant et l’adolescent noirs. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, 12, 135-143.
[7]
Nwosu, N.I., Chukwuka, C.J., Onyedum, C.C., Odilinye, H.C., Nlewedim, P.I. and Ayuk, A.C. (2016) Current Pattern of Spirometry Utilisation in a Sub-Saharan African Country. African Journal of Respiratory Medicine, 12, 15-20.
[8]
Zar, H.J., Vanker, A., Gray, D. and Zampoli, M. (2017) The African Pediatric Fellowship Training Program in Pediatric Pulmonology: A Model for Growing African Capacity in Child Lung Health. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 14, 500-504. http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201612-953PS https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201612-953PS
[9]
Messan, F., Dansou, P., Marqueste, T., Decherchi, P., Tossou, R., Amoussou, T., et al. (2013) First Report of FVC and FEV1 Reference Values for Beninese Children Aged 11-16 Years. ISRN Pulmonology, 2013, Article ID: 284386. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/284386
[10]
Quanjer, P.H., Stocks, J., Polgar, G., Wise, M., Karlberg, J., et al. (1989) Compilation of Reference Values for Lung Function Measurements in Children. European Respiratory Journal, 4, 184S-216S.
[11]
ERS (1993) Standardized Lung Function Testing. European Respiratory Journal, 6, 53-83.
[12]
ATS (1995) Standardization of Spirometry. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 152, 1107-1136. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.152.3.7663792
[13]
Ferris, B.G. (1978) Epidemiology Standardization Project II: Recommended Respiratory Disease Questionnaires for Use with Adults and Children in Epidemiological Research. The American Review of Respiratory Disease, 118, 7-57.
[14]
Pellegrino, R., Viegi, G., Brusasco, V., et al. (2005) Stratégies d’interprétation des explorations fonctionnelles respiratoires. European Respiratory Journal, 26, 948-968.
[15]
Lohan, T.G., Roche, A.F., et al. (1998) Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Human Kinetics, Champaign, 1-55.
[16]
Morris, A., Kanner, R.E., Crapo, R., et al. (1984) Clinical Pulmonary Function Testing. A Manual of Uniform Laboratory Procedures. Intermountain Thoracic Society, Salt Lake City, 1-24.
[17]
Wanger, J., Clausen, J.L., Coates, A., et al. (2005) Standardization of the Measurement of Lung Volumes. European Respiratory Journal, 26, 511-522. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00035005
[18]
Quanjer, P.H., Dalhusen, A., et al. (1983) Summary Equations of References Values. Bulletin Europeen de Physiopathologie Respiratoire, 19, 45-51.
[19]
Ware, J.H., Dockery, D.W., Louis, T.A., Xu, X.P., Ferris, B.G., et al. (1990) Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Estimates of Pulmonary Function Decline in Never-Smoking Adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 132, 685-700. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115710
[20]
Guénard, H. and Rouatbi, S. (2004) Aspects physiologiques du vieillissement respiratoire. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, 21, 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0761-8425(04)71558-2
[21]
Jensen, R.L., Crapo, R.O., Flint, A.K., et al. (2002) Problems in Selecting Representative Reference Values and Interpretative Strategies. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 165, A200.
[22]
Becklake, M., Crapo, R., Buist, S., Burrows, B., et al. (1991) Lung Function Testing: Selection of Reference Values and Interpretative Strategies. American Thoracic Society. The American Review of Respiratory Disease, 144, 1202-1218. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/144.5.1202
[23]
Miller, M.R., Hankinson, J., Brusasco, V., et al. (2006) Série du groupe de travail ATS/ERS: Standardisation des explorations fonctionnelles respiratoires: Standardisation de la spirométrie. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, 23, 17S23-17S45.
[24]
Jordan, B. (2010) DNA, Genetic Superiority and Social ‘“Race”’: The Contribution of SNPs. Medical Sciences, 26, 215-218. https://doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2010262215
[25]
Aggarwal, A.N., Gupta, D., Behera, D., et al. (2005) Applicability of Commonly Used Caucasian Prediction Equations for Spirometry Interpretation in India. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 122, 153-164.
[26]
Crapo, R.O., Morris, A.H., et al. (1981) Reference Spirometric Values Using Techniques and Equipment That Meet ATS Recommendations. The American Review of Respiratory Disease, 123, 659-664.
[27]
Knudson, R.J., Lebowitz, M.D., Holberg, C.J., et al. (1983) Changes in the Normal Maximal Expiratory Flow-Volume Curve with Growth and Aging. The American Review of Respiratory Disease, 127, 725-734.
[28]
Olanrewaju, D.M. (1991) Spirometric Standards for Healthy Nigerian Children and Adolescents. East African Medical Journal, 68, 812-819.
[29]
Obaseki, D., Adeniyi, B., Kolawole, T., Onyedum, C. and Erhabor, G. (2015) Gaps in Capacity for Respiratory Care in Developing Countries. Nigeria as a Case Study. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 12, 591-598. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201410-443AR
[30]
Hakinson, J.L., Odencrantz, J.R., et al. (1991) Spirometric Reference Values from a Sample of General U.S. Population. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 159, 179-187. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.9712108
[31]
Dufetel, P., Sambiani, K., Togbey, K., et al. (1990) Particularités des volumes pulmonaires et débits expiratoires observés chez l’adulte noir. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, 7, 215-222.
[32]
Kibirige, D., Kampiire, L., Atuhe, D., Mwebaze, R., Katagira, W., Muttamba, W., et al. (2017) Access to Affordable Medicines and Diagnostic Tests for Asthma and COPD in Sub Saharan Africa: The Ugandan Perspective. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 17, 179. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0527-y
[33]
Carlos Alberto de Castro, P., Taeko, S., et al. (2007) New Reference Values for Forced Spirometry in White Adults in Brazil. The Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia, 33, 397-406. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007000400008
[34]
Stanojevic, S., Wade, A., Cole, T.J., et al. (2007) Population-Specific Reference Equations? European Respiratory Journal, 29, 215. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00119606
[35]
Paton, J., Beardsomore, C., Laverty, A., et al. (2012) Discrepanices between, Pediatric Laboratories in Pulmonary Function Results from Healthy Children. Pediatric Pulmonology, 47, 588-596. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.21592
[36]
Marks, G.B. (2012) Are Reference Equations for Spirometry an Appropriate Criterion for Diagnosing Disease and Predicting Prognosis? Thorax, 67, 85-87. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200584
[37]
Quanjer, P.H., Stanojevic, S., Cole, T.J., et al. (2012) ERS Global Lung Function Initiative. Multi-Ethnic Reference Values for Spirometry for the 3-95 yr Age Range: The Global Lung Function Equations. European Respiratory Journal, 40, 1324-1343. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00080312
