Antihypertensive
medication is one way to manage hypertension but many hypertensive patients do not optimize drug therapy to achieve blood
pressure control. Hypertensive medication non-adherence continues to become a contributing
factor to hypertensive complications like heart attacks, heart failure, stroke, kidney disease. Prevalence of non-adherence
to antihypertensive treatment is not known but it’s thought to be increasing. Associated factors of non-adherence are complex,are both internal and external to the patient but
are difficult to extrapolate. This can partly be because the determinants of
non-adherence to hypertensive may have a locality effect due to many factors
such as culture and health system in
a given locality. Hence, studies from one region may not have a cross-application. Therefore, there is the need to study the factors associated with non-adherence
at a local scale.Descriptive study design was adopted to guide the
implementation of the study. The population comprised of 575 people among
doctors, pharmacists, nurses, record officers and hypertension patients. The
respondents were identified through simple random sampling and a sample size of
81 patients was achieved and 10 health care providers including doctors, pharmacists, record officers and nurses were also interviewed
through census method. Data was collected between the month of April and May
2019. Questionnaires were used as data collection t
References
[1]
WHO (2013) Campaign Essential, World Health Day, Control Your Blood Pressure Geneva: World Health Organization.
[2]
Dragomir, A., Cote, R., Roy, L., Blais, L., Lalonde, L., Bérard, A. and Perreault, S. (2010) Impact of Adherence to Antihypertensive Agents on Clinical Outcomes and Hospitalization Costs. Medical Care, 48, 418-425.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181d567bd
[3]
Crim, M.T., Yoon, S.S. and Ortiz, E. (2012) National Surveillance Definitions for Hypertension Prevalence and Control among Adults. Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 5, 343-351. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.963439
[4]
Hendriks, M., Wit, F., Roos, M., Brewster, L., Akande, T. and De Beer, I. (2012) Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa: Cross-Sectional Surveys in Four Rural and Urban Communities. PLoS ONE, 7, e32638.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032638
[5]
Mazzaglia, G., Ambrosioni, E. and Alacqua, M. (2013) Adherence to Antihypertensive Medications and Cardiovascular Morbidity among Newly Diagnosed Hypertensive Patients. Circulation, 120, 1598-605.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.830299
[6]
Persell, D. (2011) Prevalence of Resistant Hypertension in the United States, 2003-2008. Hypertension Journal, 57, 1076-1080.
https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.170308
[7]
Panjabi, S., Lacey, M., Bancroft, T. and Cao, F. (2012) Treatment Adherence, Clinical Outcome and Economic of Triple Drug Therapy in Hypertensive Patients. Journal of American Society of Hypertension, 7, 46-60.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2012.11.001
[8]
De Simoni, A., Hardeman, W. and Mant, J. (2013) Trials to Improve Blood Pressure through Adherence to Antihypertensive in Stroke/TIA: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2, e000251.
https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.113.000251
[9]
Brinker, S., Pandey, A., Ayers, C., et al. (2014) Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Facilitates Blood Pressure Control in Resistant Hypertension. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 63, 834-835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.067
[10]
Perreault, S., Yu, A.Y., Coté, R., et al. (2012) Adherence to Antihypertensive Agents after Ischemic Stroke and Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes. Neurology, 79, 2037-2043.
https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182749e56
[11]
Corrao, G., Parodi, A., Nicotra, F., et al. (2011) Better Compliance to Antihypertensive Medications Reduces Cardiovascular Risk. Journal of Hypertension, 29, 610-618.
https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328342ca97
[12]
Bilal, A., Riaz, M., Shafiq, N.U., Ahmed, M., Sheikh, S. and Rasheed, S. (2015) Non-Compliance to Anti-Hypertensive Medication and Its Associated Factors among Hypertensives. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, 27, 158-163.
[13]
Mathenge, W., Foster, A. and Kuper, H. (2010) Urbanization, Ethnicity and Cardiovascular Risk in a Population in Transition in Nakuru, Kenya: A Population-Based Survey. BMC Public Health, 10, 569. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-569
[14]
Bruce, S., Acheampong, F. and Kretchy, I. (2015) Adherence to Oral Anti-Diabetic Drugs among Patients Attending a Ghanaian Teaching Hospital. Pharmacy Practice, 13, 533. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2015.01.533
[15]
McMullen, C.K., Safford, M.M., Bosworth, H.B., Phansalkar, S., Leong, A., Fagan, M.B., et al. (2015) Patient-Centered Priorities for Improving Medication Management and Adherence. Patient Education and Counseling, 98, 102-110.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2014.09.015
[16]
Cho, S.-J. and Kim, J.H. (2014) Factors Associated with Non-Adherence to Antihypertensive Medication. Nursing and Health Sciences, 16, 461-467.
https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12145
[17]
Atinga, R.A., Yarney, L. and Gavu, N.M. (2018) Factors Influencing Long-Term Medication Non-Adherence among Diabetes and Hypertensive Patients in Ghana: A Qualitative Investigation. PLoS ONE, 13, e0193995.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193995
[18]
Buckley, L., Labonville, S. and Barr, J. (2016) A Systematic Review of Beliefs about Hypertension and Its Treatment among African Americans. Current Hypertension Reports, 18, 52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/27193774/
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-016-0662-5
[19]
Wu, J.-R., Lennie, T.A., Chung, M.L., Frazier, S.K., Dekker, R.L., Biddle, M.J. and Moser, D.K. (2012) Medication Adherence Mediates the Relationship between Marital Status and Cardiac Event-Free Survival in Patients with Heart Failure. Heart & Lung—The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 41, 107–114.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2011.09.009
[20]
Zyoud, S.H., Al-Jabi, S.W., Sweileh, W.M. and Morisky, D.E. (2013) Relationship of Treatment Satisfaction to Medication Adherence: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Survey among Hypertensive Patients in Palestine. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11, 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-191
[21]
Nunes, M.G.S., de Silva, A.R., Bernarino, A., Oliveira, B. and Neto, A.C.B. (2015) Prevalence and Factors Associated with Cooperation of Arterial Hypertension Patients. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 28, 323-330.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0194201500055
[22]
Magadza, C., Radloff, S.E. and Srinivas, S.C. (2009) The Effect of an Educational Intervention on Patients’ Knowledge about Hypertension, Beliefs about Medicines, and Adherence. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 5, 363–375.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2009.01.004
[23]
Primatesta, P. and Poulter N.R. (2006) Improvement in Hypertension Management in England: Results from the Health Survey for England. Journal of Hypertension, 24, 1187-1192. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000226210.95936.bc
[24]
Hashmi, S.K., Afridi, M.B., Abbas, K., Sajwani, R.A., Saleheen, D., Frossard, P.M., Ishaq, M., Ambreen, A. and Ahmad, U. (2007) Factors Associated with Adherence to Antihypertensive Treatment in Pakistan. PLoS ONE, 2, e280.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000280
[25]
Kaufman, G. and Birks, Y. (2009) Strategies to Improve Patients’ Adherence to Medication. Nursing Standard, 23, 51–57. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.23.49.51.s56
[26]
Ministry of Health (2017)
http://www.health.go.ke/govt-unveils-strategies-to-control-hypertension-the-silent-killer/
[27]
Ministry of Health Kenya (2018) Kenya National Guidelines for Cardiovascular Diseases Management.
[28]
Al-kahdi, Y.M. and Al-sharif, A.I. (2005) Health Education Resources Availability for Diabetes and Hypertension at Primary Care Setting, Assser Region, Saudi Arabia. The Journal of Family and Community Medicine, 12, 75-77.
[29]
Zolnierek, K.B.H. and Dimatteo, M.R. (2009) Physician Communication and Patient Adherence to Treatment: A Meta-Analysis. Medical Care, 47, 826–834.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31819a5acc
[30]
Schoenthaler, A., Chaplin, W. F., Allegrante, J.P., Fernandez, S., Diaz-Gloster, M., Tobin, J. N. and Ogedegbe, G. (2012) Effects of Patients Provider Communication on Medication Adherence in Hypertensive Black Patients: Does Race Concordance Matter? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-011-9342-5
[31]
Jambedu and Ahmed, H. (2006) Adherence to Anti-Hypertensive Medication Regimens among Patients Attending G.P.H.A Hospital in Tokoradi-Ghana.
[32]
Chuka Referral Hospital (2016) Chuka Referral Hospital Morbidity Report for Year 2016.
[33]
Cane, J., O’Connor, D. and Michie, S. (2012) Validation of the Theoretical Domains Framework for Use in Behavior Change and Implementation Research. Implementation Science, 24, 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-7-37
[34]
Craig, P., Dieppe, P., Macintyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I. and Petticrew, M. (2008) Developing and Evaluating Complex Interventions: The New Medical Research Council Guidance. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 337, a1655.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1655
[35]
Haynes, R.B., Ackloo, E., Sahota, N., McDonald, H.P. and Yao, X. (2008) Interventions for Enhancing Medication Adherence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD000011. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000011.pub3
[36]
Ley, P. (1988) Communicating with Patients: Improving Communication, Satisfaction and Compliance, Croom Helm, New York.
[37]
Conner, C., and Norman, P. (2005). Predicting Health Behaviour: A Social Cognition Approach. In: Conner, C. and Norman, P., Eds., Predicting Health Behaviour, 2nd Edition, Open University Press, Berkshire.
[38]
Michie, S., Richardson, M., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J., Hardeman, W., Eccles, M.P., Cane, J. and Wood, C.E. (2013) The Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy (v1) of 93 Hierarchically Clustered Techniques: Building an International Consensus for the Reporting of Behavior Change Interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46, 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6
[39]
Michie, S., van Stralen, M.M. and West, R. (2011) The Behaviour Change Wheel: A New Method for Characterising and Designing Behaviour Change Interventions. Implement Science, 6, 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-42
[40]
Newman, M., Papadopoulos, I. and Sigsworth, J. (1998) Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice. Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing, 2, 11-18.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9004(98)80080-0
[41]
Grol, R. and Grimshaw, J. (2003) From Best Evidence to Best Practice: Effective Implementation of Change in Patients’ Care. The Lancet, 362, 1225-1230.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14546-1
[42]
Abraham, C., Kelly, M.P., West, R. and Michie, S. (2009) The UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Public Health Guidance on Behaviour Change: A Brief Introduction. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 14, 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500802537903
[43]
Noar, S.M. and Zimmerman, R.S. (2005) Health Behavior Theory and Cumulative Knowledge Regarding Health Behaviors: Are We Moving in the Right Direction? Health Education Research, 20, 275-290. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg113
[44]
Jackson, C., Elliason, L., Barber, N. and Weinman, J. (2014) Applying COM-B to Medication Adherence. European Health Psychologist, 16, 7-17.
[45]
Salaria, N. (2012) Meaning of the Term Descriptive Survey Research Method. International Journal of Transformation in Business Management, 16, 1-7.
[46]
Nassiuma, D.K. (2000) Survey Sampling: Theory and Methods. University Press, Nairobi.
[47]
Nagelkerke, N.J.D. (1991) A Note on General Definition of the Coefficient of Determination. Biometrika, 78, 691-692. https://doi.org/10.2307/2337038
[48]
Bewick, V., Cheek, L. and Ball, J. (2005) Statistics Review 14: Logistic Regression. Critical Care, 9, 112-118. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc3045
[49]
Chung, M., Lennie, T., Riegel, B., Wu, J., Dekker, R. and Moser, D. (2009) Marital Status as an Independent Predictor of Event-Free Survival of Patients with Heart Failure. American Journal of Critical Care, 18, 562-570.
https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2009388
[50]
Herttua, K., Adams, G., Pekka, M., Jussi, V. and Mikka, K. (2013) Adherence to Antihypertensive Therapy Prior to the First Presentation of Stroke in Antihypertensive Adults. European Heart Journal, 34, 2933-2939.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht219
[51]
Mojtabai, R. and Olfson, M. (2003) Medication Cost, Adherence and Health Outcome among Medicare Beneficiaries. Health Affairs, 22, 220-229.
https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.22.4.220
[52]
Field, A. (2013) Discovering Statistics Using SPSS: IBM SPSS Statistics. 4th Edition, Sage, London.
[53]
Hosmer, D.W. and Lemeshow, S. (1989) Applied Logistic Regression. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
[54]
Robertson, J. Macé, C., Forte, G., de Joncheere, K. and Beran, D. (2015) Medicines Availability for Non-Communicable Diseases: The Case of Standardized Monitoring. Globalization and Health, 11, 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-015-0120-1
[55]
Rajesh, V., Nelly, T., Clare, K., Evans, B., Jemima, K., Violet, N., Sylvester, T., Carol, H. and Valentin, F. (2016) Barriers and Facilitators to Nurse Management of Hypertension: A Qualitative Analysis from Western Kenya. Ethnicity & Disease, 26, 315-322.
https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.26.3.315
[56]
Baune, B. and Aljeesh, Y. (2006) The Association of Psychological Stress and Health Related Quality of Life among Patients with Stroke and Hypertension in Gaza Strip. Annals of General Psychiatry, 5, 6.
[57]
Krousel-Wood, M., Thomas, S., Muntenes, P. and Morisky, D. (2004) Medication Adherence: A Key Factor in Achieving BP Control and a Good Clinical Outcome in Hypertension Patient. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 19, 357-362.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hco.0000126978.03828.9e
[58]
Yiannakopoulou, E., Papadopulos, J.S., Lokkino, D.R. and Mountokkkkalaiks, T.D. (2005) Adherence to Antihypertensive Treatment: A Critical Factor for Blood Pressure Control. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 12, 243-249.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000160601.41762.44
[59]
Svensson, S., Kjeligren K., Ahlner, J. and Saljo, R. (2000) Reasons for Adherence with Anthypertesive Medication. International Journal of Cardiology, 76, 157-163.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5273(00)00374-0
[60]
Brown, M.T., Bussell, J., Dutta, S., Davis, K., Strong, S. and Mathew, S. (2016) Medication Adherence Truth and Consequences. The American Journal of Medical Sciences, 351, 387-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2016.01.010
[61]
Palterson, S.M., Cadogai, C.A., Kersee, N., Cardwell, C.R., Bradley, M.C., Ryan, C. and Hughes, C. (2014) Intervention to Improve the Appropriate Use of Poly Pharmacy for Older People. The British Medical Journal, 326, 450-459.
[62]
Osterberg, L. and Blaschke, T. (2005) Adhereance to Medication. The New England Journal of Medicine, 353, 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra050100
[63]
Shea, O., Griffin, T. and Fitzigibbon, M. (2016) The Role of Biochemistry in Diagnosis and Management. Clinica Chimica Acta, 465, 131-143.
[64]
Anglada-Martinez, H., Riu-Viladoms, G., Martin-Conds M., Rovira-Illamola, M., Sotoca-Mombiana, J.M. and Codin-Jane, C. (2015) Does mHealth Increase Adherence to Medication? Results of a Systematic Review. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 69, 9-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12582
