Crosslinking is a common practice to improve the barrier properties of polymers. In this study, Montmorillonite (MMT) was used with Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to deposit nanocomposite coatings which were crosslinked with glyoxal (Gly) by Layer by Layer (LbL) on a PET substrate. Two crosslinking conditions were studied, under mild condition and with an acidic environment. Mild condition was useful to identify the reversibility steps and the optimum crosslinking times while the acidic environment was essential to investigate the crosslinking mechanism, by determining the permeability for different crosslinking times. PVA and PVA-MMT coatings showed a strong correlation between the permeability coefficients for different crosslinking times and the FTIR results.
References
[1]
Laufer, G., Kirkland, C., Cain, A.A. and Grunlan, J.C. (2012) Clay-Chitosan Nanobrick Walls: Completely Renewable Gas Barrier and Flame-Retardant Nanocoatings. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 4, 1643-1649. https://doi.org/10.1021/am2017915
[2]
Yagoub, H., Ma, S., Yang, S. and Xu, J. (2014) Preparation and Characterisation of Cellulose Nanocrystals Thin Films Utilising Layer-by-Layer Deposition. Materials Research Innovations, 18, S4-821-S4-824. https://doi.org/10.1179/1432891714Z.000000000801
[3]
Luksiene, Z. and Buchovec, I. (2019) Impact of Chlorophyllin-Chitosan Coating and Visible Light on the Microbial Contamination, Shelf Life, Nutritional and Visual Quality of Strawberries. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 52, 463-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2019.02.003
[4]
Ploehn, H.J. and Liu, C.Y. (2006) Quantitative Analysis of Montmorillonite Platelet Size by Atomic Force Microscopy. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 45, 7025-7034. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie051392r
[5]
Ha Thuc, C.N., Cao, H.T., Nguyen, D.M., Tran, M.A., Duclaux, L., Grillet, A.C. and Ha Thuc, H. (2014) Preparation and Characterization of Polyurethane Nanocomposites Using Vietnamese Montmorillonite Modified by Polyol Surfactants. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2014, Article ID: 302735. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/302735
[6]
Cho, C., Wallace, K.L., Hagen, D.A., Stevens, B., Regev, O. and Grunlan, J.C. (2015) Nanobrick Wall Multilayer Thin Films Grown Faster and Stronger Using Electrophoretic Deposition. Nanotechnology, 26, Article ID: 185703. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/18/185703
[7]
Decher, G., Ebler, F., Hong, J.D., Lowack, K., Schmitt, J. and Lvov, Y. (1993) Layer-by-Layer Adsorbed Films of Polyelectrolytes, Proteins or DNA. Polymer Preprints, Division of Polymer Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 34, 745.
[8]
Cui, Y.B., Kumar, S., Kona, B.R. and van Houcke, D. (2015) Gas Barrier Properties of Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites. RSC Advances, 5, 63669-63690. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA10333A
[9]
Vartiainen, J. and Harlin, A. (2011) Crosslinking as an Efficient Tool for Decreasing Moisture Sensitivity of Biobased Nanocomposite Films. Materials Sciences and Applications, 2, 346-354. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2011.25045
[10]
Patro, T.U. and Wagner, H.D. (2016) Influence of Graphene Oxide Incorporation and Chemical Cross-Linking on Structure and Mechanical Properties of Layer-by-Layer Assembled Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Laponite Free-Standing Films. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 54, 2377-2387. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.24226
[11]
Zhang, Y., Zhu, P. and Edgren, D. (2009) Crosslinking Reaction of Poly(vinyl alcohol) with Glyoxal. Journal of Polymer Research, 237, 725-730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-009-9362-z
[12]
Figueiredo, K.C.S., Alves, T.L.M. and Borges, C.P. (2009) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Films Crosslinked by Glutaraldehyde under Mild Conditions. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 111, 3074-3080. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.29263
[13]
Rudra, R., Kumar, V. and Kundu, P.P. (2015) Acid Catalysed Cross-Linking of Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) by Glutaraldehyde: Effect of Crosslink Density on the Characteristics of PVA Membranes Used in Single Chambered Microbial Fuel Cells. RSC Advances, 5, 83436-83447. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA16068E
[14]
Ogata, Y., Okano, M. and Ganke, T. (1956) Kinetics of the Formation of the Formal of Polyvinyl Alcohol. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 78, 2962-2964. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01594a011
[15]
Kormanovskaya, G.N. and Vlodavets, I.N. (1964) Kinetics of the Homogeneous Interaction of Polyvinyl Alcohol with Formaldehyde in Aqueous Solutions. Russian Chemical Bulletin, 13, 1661-1666. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00849425
[16]
Rumyantsev, M., Zelentsov, S.V. and Gushchin, A.V. (2013) Retardation Effect in Acetalization of Poly(vinyl alcohol) with Butyraldehyde. European Polymer Journal, 49, 1698-1706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.03.014
[17]
Wang, Z.F., Wang, B., Qi, N., Zhang, H.F. and Zhang, L.Q. (2005) Influence of Fillers on Free Volume and Gas Barrier Properties in Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Studied by Positrons. Polymer, 46, 719-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.12.002
[18]
Choudalakis, G. and Gotsis, A.D. (2009) Permeability of Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites: A Review. European Polymer Journal, 45, 967-984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.01.027
