A novel amperometric biosensor prototype was fabricated using screen printing technique. The disposable single-use strips were made from conductive carbon ink and modified with fructosyl amino acid oxidase. The electrodes and conducting paths were made solely with carbon ink and characterized by conductivity and cyclic voltammetry. The biosensor showed high current output, large linearity, and effectiveness for fructosyl valine as well as human blood samples. Amperometric studies were carried out using both fructosyl valine and human blood samples. With 5 uL sample volume, the biosensor showed strong amperometric response with good linearity for a wide range (0 to 8 mM). Diabetic and healthy blood samples showed sufficient difference in their amperometric responses that correlate well with their different hemoglobin A1c levels. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using this type of inexpensive single-use biosensor strips as the basis for determining hemoglobin A1c levels for diabetic patients.
References
[1]
Rochman, H. (1980) Hemoglobin A1c and Diabetes Mellitus. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, 10, 111-115.
[2]
Sacks, D.B., Bruns, D.E., Goldstein, D.E., Maclaren, N.K., McDonald, J.M. and Parrott, M. (2002) Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Clinical Chemistry, 48, 436-472.
[3]
Srikanth, V., Maczurek, A., Phan, T., Steele, M., Westcott, B., Juskiw, D. and Münch, G. (2011) Advanced Glycation Endproducts and Their Receptor RAGE in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 32, 763-777.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.016
[4]
Simm, A., Wagner, J., Gursinsky, T., Nass, N., Friedrich, I., Schinzel, R., Czeslik, E., Silber, R. and Scheubel, R. (2007) Advanced Glycation Endproducts: A Biomarker for Age as an Outcome Predictor after Cardiac Surgery? Experimental Gerontology, 42, 668-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2007.03.006
[5]
Zimmerman, G.A., Meistrell, M., Bloom, O., Cockroft, K.M., Bianchi, M., Risucci, D., Broome, J., Farmer, P., Cerami, A. and Vlassara, H. (1995) Neurotoxicity of Advanced Glycation Endproducts during Focal Stroke and Neuroprotective Effects of Aminoguanidine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 92, 3744-3748. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.9.3744
[6]
Selvin, E., Steffes, M.W., Zhu, H., Matsushita, K., Wagenknecht, L., Pankow, J., Coresh, J. and Brancati, F.L. (2010) Glycated Hemoglobin, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Risk in Nondiabetic Adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 362, 800-811.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0908359
[7]
Association, A.D. (2010) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2010. Diabetes Care, 33, S11-S61. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-S011
[8]
Liu, X.-C. (2006) Boronic Acids as Ligands for Affinity Chromatography. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 24, 73-80.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2059(06)60004-7
[9]
Ozcelik, F., Yiginer, O., Serdar, M.A., Kurt, I., Oztosun, M., Arslan, E. and Orhun, A. (2010) Comparison of Three Methods for Measurement of HbA1c. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry Turk Biyokimya Dergisi, 35, 344-349.
[10]
Ferri, S., Miyamoto, Y., Sakaguchi-Mikami, A., Tsugawa, W. and Sode, K. (2013) Engineering Fructosyl Peptide Oxidase to Improve Activity toward the Fructosyl Hexapeptide Standard for HbA1c Measurement. Molecular Biotechnology, 54, 939-943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-012-9644-2
[11]
Kim, S., Miura, S., Ferri, S., Tsugawa, W. and Sode, K. (2009) Cumulative Effect of Amino Acid Substitution for the Development of Fructosyl Valine-Specific Fructosyl Amine Oxidase. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 44, 52-56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.09.001
[12]
Lin, Z. and Zheng, J. (2010) Occurrence, Characteristics, and Applications of Fructosyl Amine Oxidases (Amadoriases). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 86, 1613-1619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2523-5
[13]
Koenig, R.J., Blobstein, S.H. and Cerami, A. (1977) Structure of Carbohydrate of Hemoglobin AIc. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 252, 2992-2997.
[14]
Stevens, V.J., Vlassara, H., Abati, A. and Cerami, A. (1977) Nonenzymatic Glycosylation of Hemoglobin. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 252, 2998-3002.
[15]
Jeppsson, J.-O., Kobold, U., Barr, J., Finke, A., Hoelzel, W., Hoshino, T., Miedema, K., Mosca, A., Mauri, P. and Paroni, R. (2002) Approved IFCC Reference Method for the Measurement of HbA1c in Human Blood. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 40, 78-89. https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2002.016
[16]
Ferri, S., Kim, S., Tsugawa, W. and Sode, K. (2009) Review of Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase Engineering Research: A Glimpse into the Future of Hemoglobin A1c Biosensing. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 3, 585-592.
https://doi.org/10.1177/193229680900300324
[17]
Chawla, S. and Pundir, C.S. (2011) An Electrochemical Biosensor for Fructosyl Valine for Glycosylated Hemoglobin Detection Based on Core-Shell Magnetic Bionanoparticles Modified Gold Electrode. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 26, 3438-3443.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.01.021
[18]
Fang, L., Li, W., Zhou, Y. and Liu, C.-C. (2009) A Single-Use, Disposable Iridium-Modified Electrochemical Biosensor for Fructosyl Valine for the Glycoslated Hemoglobin Detection. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 137, 235-238.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.09.045
[19]
Rajkumar, R., Warsinke, A., Möhwald, H., Scheller, F.W. and Katterle, M. (2007) Development of Fructosyl Valine Binding Polymers by Covalent Imprinting. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 22, 3318-3325.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2007.03.001
[20]
Ogawa, K., Stöllner, D., Scheller, F., Warsinke, A., Ishimura, F., Tsugawa, W., Ferri, S. and Sode, K. (2002) Development of a Flow-Injection Analysis (FIA) Enzyme Sensor for Fructosyl Amine Monitoring. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 373, 211-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1319-6
