The microstructural kinetics of β grain growth in the β field of a
Ti-6Al-4V alloy was studied by a series of controlled heat treatments at
constant temperature rates. Heating rates of 5°C/s, 50°C/s and 500°C/s were
considered, stopping at different peak temperatures. The thickness evolution of
martensitic needles and lamellar α laths, formed on cooling, was also investigated, by soaking the material above
its β-transus temperature and cooling
down at 5°C/s, 50°C/s, 100°C/s and 300°C/s till ambient temperature.
Quantitative microstructural analyses were used to measure the particle
dimensions. The β grain growth
kinetics was reasonably well described by a modified Avrami equation. The thickness
of α lamellae was a function of the
cooling rate and the β grain
dimension in which they nucleated. The martensite needle thickness was shown to
be a function of the cooling rate to which the material was subjected.
References
[1]
Boyer, R.R. (1996) An Overview on the Use of Titanium in the Aerospace Industry. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 213, 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(96)10233-1
[2]
Mendez, P.F. and Eagar, T.W. (2001) Welding Processes for Aeronautics. Advanced Materials and Processes, 159, 39-43.
[3]
Avrami, M. (1939) Kinetics of Phase Change. I General Theory. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 7, 1103-1112. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1750380
[4]
Avrami, M. (1940) Kinetics of Phase Change. II Transformation-Time Relations for Random Distribution of Nuclei. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 8, 212-224. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1750631
[5]
Avrami, M. (1941) Granulation, Phase Change, and Microstructure Kinetics of Phase Change. III. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 9, 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1750872
Ding, R., Guo, Z.X. and Wilson, A. (2002) Microstructural Evolution of a Ti-6Al-4V Alloy during Thermomechanical Processing. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 327, 233-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01531-3
[8]
Tiley, J., Searles, T., Lee, E., Kar, S., Banerjee, R., Russ, J. and Fraser, H. (2004) Quantification of Microstructural Features in α/β Titanium Alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 372, 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.12.008
[9]
Gil, F.J., Manero, J.M., Ginebra, M.P. and Planell, J.A. (2003) The Effect of Cooling Rate on the Cyclic Deformation of β-Annealed Ti-6Al-4V. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 349, 150-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00784-0
[10]
Guo, B., Semiatin, S.L. and Jonas, J.J. (2019) Dynamic Transformation during the High Temperature Deformation of Two-Phase Titanium Alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 761, Article ID: 138047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138047
[11]
Guo, B., Semiatin, S.L., Jonas, J.J. and Yue, S. (2018) Dynamic Transformation of Ti-6Al-4V during Torsion in the Two-Phase Region. Journal of Materials Science, 53, 9305-9315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2237-0
[12]
Jonas, J.J., Aranas, C., Fall, A. and Jahazi, M. (2017) Transformation Softening in Three Titanium Alloys. Materials and Design, 113, 305-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.10.039
[13]
Wang, K., Liu, G., Tao, W., Zhao, J. and Huang, K. (2017) Study on the Mixed Dynamic Recrystallization Mechanism during the Globularization Process of Laser-Welded TA15 Ti-Alloy Joint under Hot Tensile Deformation. Materials Characterization, 126, 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2017.01.030
[14]
Matsumoto, H., Velay, V. and Chiba, A. (2015) Flow Behavior and Microstructure in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with an Ultrafine-Grained α-Single Phase Microstructure during Low-Temperature-High-Strain-Rate Superplasticity. Materials and Design, 66, 611-617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.045
[15]
Lutjering, G. (1998) Influence of Processing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of (α + β) Titanium Alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 243, 32-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00778-8
[16]
Fan, X., Jiang, X., Zeng, X., Shi, Y., Gao, P. and Zhan, M. (2018) Modeling the Anisotropy of Hot Plastic Deformation of Two-Phase Titanium Alloys with a Colony Microstructure. International Journal of Plasticity, 104, 173-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2018.02.010
[17]
Babu, B. and Lindgren, L.E. (2013) Dislocation Density Based Model for Plastic Deformation and Globularization of Ti-6Al-4V. International Journal of Plasticity, 50, 94-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2013.04.003
[18]
Basoalto, H.C. (2017) On the Micromechanics of Slip of Two-Phase Titanium Alloys, International Conference on Plasticity, Damage and Fracture, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico.
[19]
Panwisawas, P., Sovani, Y., Turner, R.P., Brooks, J.W., Basoalto, H.C. and Choquet, I. (2018) Modelling of Thermal Fluid Dynamics for Fusion Welding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 252, 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.09.019
[20]
Wang, M., Yang, H., Zhang, C. and Guo, L.-G. (2013) Microstructure Evolution Modeling of Titanium Alloy Large Ring in Hot Ring Rolling. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 66, 1427-1437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-012-4420-9
[21]
Kotkunde, N., Krishnamurthy, H.N., Puranik, P., Gupta, A.K. and Singh, S.K. (2014) Microstructure Study and Constitutive Modeling of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy at Elevated Temperatures. Materials and Design, 54, 96-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.08.006
[22]
Bai, W., Sun, R. and Leopold, J. (2016) Numerical Modelling of Microstructure Evolution in Ti6Al4V Alloy by Ultrasonic Assisted Cutting. Procedia CIRP, 46, 428-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.03.122
[23]
Sieniawski, J., Ziaja, W., Kubiak, K. and Motyka, M. (2013) Titanium Alloys—Advances in Properties Control. IntechOpen, London. https://doi.org/10.5772/49999
[24]
Rostamian, A. and Jacot, A. (2008) A Numerical Model for the Description of the Lamellar and Massive Phase Transformations in TiAl Alloys. Intermetallics, 16, 1227-1236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2008.07.008
[25]
Ahmed, T. and Rack, H.J. (1998) Phase Transformations during Cooling in α + β Titanium Alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 243, 206-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00802-2
[26]
Ivasishin, O.M., Semiatin, S.L., Markovsky, P.E., Shevchenko, S.V. and Ulshin, S.V. (2002) Grain Growth and Texture Evolution in Ti-6Al-4V during Beta Annealing under Continuous Heating Conditions. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 337, 88-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01990-6
[27]
Soper, J.C., Directorate, M. and Base, W.A.F. (1996) Short-Time Beta Grain Growth Kinetics for a Conventional Titanium Alloy. Acta Metallurgica, 44, 1979-1986. https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-6454(95)00311-8
[28]
Shen, G., Furrer, D. and Rollins, J. (1996) Advances in Science & Technology of Titanium Alloy Processing. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Warrendale, 75-82.
[29]
Malinov, S., Guo, Z., Sha, W. and Wilson, A. (2001) Differential Scanning Calorimetry Study and Computer Modeling of β ⇒ α Phase Transformation in a Ti-6Al-4V Alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 32, 879-887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-001-0345-x
[30]
Mittemeijer, E.J., Van Gent, A. and Van der Schaaf, P.J. (1986) Analysis of Transformation Kinetics by Nonisothermal Dilatometry. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 17, 1441-1445. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02650126
[31]
Villa, M., Brooks, J.W., Turner, R.P., Wang, H., Boitout, F. and Ward, R.M. (2019) Microstructural Modeling of the α + β Phase in Ti-6Al-4V: A Diffusion-Based Approach. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 50, 2898-2911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-019-01675-0
