Evaluation of the effect of methamphetamine on traumatic injury complications and outcomes

Patient selection flow chart. *MA(？)？=？a triple negative drug screen for methamphetamine, cocaine, and cannabis, and serum ethanol level？<？0 mg/dL matched to the MA(+) group via propensity score matching. MA(？) was selected to match with MA(+) based on age, gender, ISS, and mechanism of injury. **MA(+)？=？a positive drug screen for methamphetamine, and negative for cocaine or cannabis, and serum ethanol level？<？0 mg/d. ***ISS？=？injury severity scor