Is radiation exposure during sacral neuromodulation within safety limits?

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved sacral neuromodulation (SNM) for intractable urge incontinence in 1997, urgency/frequency syndrome and non-obstructive urinary retention in 1999 for patients who failed to respond or could not tolerate conservative treatment.1 In 2011, the FDA approved SNM for chronic fecal incontinence in patients who failed or could not tolerate conservative treatment