Major cell death subroutines. Mammalian cells exposed to unrecoverable perturbations of the intracellular or extracellular microenvironment can activate one of many signal transduction cascades ultimately leading to their demise. Each of such regulated cell death (RCD) modes is initiated and propagated by molecular mechanisms that exhibit a considerable degree of interconnectivity. Moreover, each type of RCD can manifest with an entire spectrum of morphological features ranging from fully necrotic to fully apoptotic, and an immunomodulatory profile ranging from anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic to pro-inflammatory and immunogenic. ADCD: autophagy-dependent cell death, ICD: immunogenic cell death, LDCD: lysosome-dependent cell death, MPT: mitochondrial permeability transition
