Preclinical investigation of combined gene-mediated cytotoxic immunotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade in glioblastoma

Combined immunotherapy approaches are promising cancer treatments. We evaluated anti–programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) treatment combined with gene-mediated cytotoxic immunotherapy (GMCI) performed by intratumoral injection of a prodrug metabolizing nonreplicating adenovirus (AdV-tk), providing in situ chemotherapy and immune stimulation