Neonatal Maternal Deprivation Followed by Adult Stress Enhances Adrenergic Signaling to Advance Visceral Hypersensitivity

Cartoon showing the experimental protocol for inducing visceral hypersensitivity. This protocol had two parts: neonatal maternal deprivation (NMD) and adult stress. NMD was imposed from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 15. The adult stress was of two kinds: adult single stressor (ASS): cold-restraint stress (CRS) for 45 min, and adult multiple stressors (AMSs): CRS for 45 min, forced-swimming stress (FSS) for 20 min, and water-avoidance stress (WAS) for 60 min. Behavioral testing was performed 6 h and 24 h after the termination of the last stressor. Molecular detection and norepinephrine (NE) measurements were performed 6 h after the termination of the last stressor. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made 24 h after termination of the last stressor