Plant-derived virus-like particle vaccines drive cross-presentation of influenza A hemagglutinin peptides by human monocyte-derived macrophages

Characterization of influenza HA presented on H1-VLPs and recombinant soluble H1 protein. a SDS-PAGE of H1-VLPs and soluble H1 protein (2.5 and 5.0？μg per sample) followed by Coomassie blue staining. Representative image from 3 experiments shown. b Immunoblot analysis of H1-VLPs and soluble H1 protein using rabbit polyclonal anti-H1 antibody. Representative image from 3 experiments shown. c Immunoblot analysis of H1-VLPs and soluble H1 protein using mouse monoclonal anti-H1 antibody. Representative image from 3 experiments shown. d Representative TEM image shows H1-VLPs with nanogold immunolabeled HA. Arrows indicate HA-bearing VLPs surrounded by nanogold particles on the surface of MDM exposed to H1-VLPs. Scale bar–100？nm. e Representative TEM image shows endosomal accumulation of nanogold immunolabeled HA in MDM. Arrows indicate HA-loaded endosomes in MDM exposed to H1-VLPs for 15？min. Scale bar–500？n